20世纪初的中国,伴随着义和团起义和八国联军战争的爆发,业已拙态百出的清王朝,面临着因外忧、内患而带来的空前的权威危机。为了挽救其权威的不断衰亡,清廷毅然采取了包括:整顿吏治,调整机构;整顿军队,编练新军;振兴实业,奖励工商;废除科举制,改变教育体制在内的新政改革。然而,由于改革时机的把握不及时,策略方式的采取失当,以及改革者自身的能力缺乏、私心作祟等不利因素的局限,改革各项措施的实施终未能达到改革者的初衷。进而,这场意在自救的改革最终竟成了革命的催化剂,而非是革命的替代物。旧权威衰亡的改革瓶颈充分彰显。 At the beginning of the 20th century, accompanied by the Boxer Uprising and the outbreak of the Eight-Power Allied Forces’s war, China, which has been in a state of cacoching for so many years, faces an unprecedented crisis of authority caused by external worries and internal troubles. In order to save its authority from deteriorating, the Qing court resolutely adopted the following measures: rectifying official posts and adjusting institutions; reorganizing the army and practicing the new army; revitalizing the industry and rewarding business administration; and abolishing the system of examinations of the imperial civil examinations and changing the new political reform in the education system. However, the implementation of the reform measures failed to meet the original intention of the reformers because of the unfashionable timing of the reform, the improper adoption of the tactics, and the unfavorable factors such as lack of reformers’ ability and selfish deeds. In turn, the reform intended to save itself eventually became the catalyst for the revolution, not a substitute for the revolution. The bottleneck of the reform of old authority decline fully demonstrated.