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吕叔湘先生在《未晚斋语文漫谈》之三(见《中国语文》一九八九年第二期)一文中,提出三组很具汉语特色的句子。A 出太阳了。太阳出了。出来太阳了。太阳出来了B 下雨了。雨下了。下来雨了。雨下来了。C 来客人了。客人来了。出来客人了。客人出来了。吕先生说:“为什么会有这种差别,很值得研究。”下面我们试图从语法、语义、语用三个不同的层面谈谈对这些语言现象的理解。1 吕先生所举的这些例句,有的是主谓句,有的是非主谓句。它们都是由一个趋向动词、一个名词和一个“了”组合而成的。这些句子可以码化为“V_趋+N+了”和“N+V_趋+了”两种句型。其中“V_趋”可以是单纯趋向动词(V_(单趋)),也可以是复合趋向动词(V_(复趋))。“N”是普通名词或专有名词而不能是时间词、处所词。“了”
Mr. Lv Shuxiang put forward three groups of sentences with Chinese characteristics in his article “To Talk About Novels” (see “Chinese Language”, Issue Two, 1989). A out of the sun. The sun is out Out of the sun The sun is out B Raining. It is raining It’s raining It’s raining C to the guests. The guests are coming. Out of the guest. Guests came out. Lv said: “Why there are such differences, it is worth studying.” Below we try to talk about the grammatical, semantic, pragmatic three different levels of understanding of these language phenomena. 1 Lu cited these examples, some of the main predicate, some non-predicate sentence. They are all composed of a tendency verb, a noun and a “yes”. These sentences can be coded as “V_ + N + +” and “N + V_ + + +” two types of sentences. Among them, “V_trend” can be a simple tendency verb (V_ (single trend)) or a composite trend verb (V_ (trend)). “N” is an ordinary noun or proper noun, not a time word or place. “Up”