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Abstract The seedling height and ground diameter of 42 half??sib families of biennial Cyclobalanopsis glauca were investigated and compared. The results showed that there were extremely significant differences between different families in the terms of seedling height and ground diameter. According to the seedling height and ground diameter， families 39， 27， 28 and 19 of C. glauca were superior to other families at the seedling stage.
Key words Cyclobalanopsis glauca； Half??sib families； Seedling height； Ground diameter
Cyclobalanopsis glauca， an evergreen tree belonging to Cyclobalanopsis， Fagaceae， is a dominant tree species of moist evergreen broad??leaved forest in subtropical regions of China[1-2]. C. glauca has a wide range of uses and is a precious timber tree species. Its wood is hard， tough， and resistant to corrosion， and it is used to make high??grade furniture， flooring， and so on[3]. In addition， it is also a good garden ornamental tree species， can be mixed with other tree species to form a forest and landscape. Due to the severe man??made felling and destruction in the last century， C. glauca forests have suffered heavy losses. The existing secondary forests of C. glauca are mainly developed from the felled trees and cultivated by closing a mountain pass， so they are scattered and the area is small[4].
Since the 21st century， many researchers in China have carried out extensive research on C. glauca. For instance， Wu et al.[5] discussed the effects of drought stress on chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity of C. glauca from different provenances. Liu et al.[6] studied the growth of C. glauca seedlings from different provenances. Liao et al.[7] investigated the effects of waterlogging stress on chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity of C. glauca seedlings from different provenances. Zeng et al.[8] used the Hegyi competition index model to quantitatively analyze the competition relationship of secondary forests of C. glauca in South China. However， there has been no report on the breeding and growth of C. glauca seedlings so far. In this paper， the seedling height and ground diameter of biennial families of C. glauca were studied to choose superior families growing well at the seedling stage.
General Situation of the Test Area
The test site （111??30?? E， 29??13?? N） is located in the base of Hunan Fulin Biological Technology Co.， Ltd. in the northeast of Taoyuan County and has a typical subtropical humid monsoon climate， with an altitude of 100-180 m. Annual average temperature is 16.4 ??， and average temperature is 5.5 ?? in January and 28.6 ?? in July. The four seasons are distinct. Annual average rainfall is 1 480 mm. The landform is low hilly land. The soil is red soil developed in the Quaternary and deep. Soil pH is 5.5-6.8， and the fertility is general. It is suitable for the growth and development of many plants. Materials and Methods
Test materials
The seeds of different families of C. glauca were from the superior plants of C. glauca that were chosen from South China （Table 1）. In November 2014， the seeds were collected， processed and sanded in a unified manner. In the spring of 2015， the test of breeding seedlings was set up.
Test methods
In the test， completely randomized block design was adopted， and there were three repetitions. The seeds were sown in drill. The seeding ditches （4 cm in depth and 3-4 cm in width） were dug， and line spacing was 18 cm. The seeds were evenly scattered in the seeding ditches. Each ditch is sown with 10 seeds， and each family had six lines. After sowing， the seeds were covered with the sieved yellow soil.
The observation indicators involved in this study included the seedling height and ground diameter of biennial seedlings of C. glauca. The 42 families of C. glauca were observed， and 30 plants were chosen from each repetition of each family， and there were three repetitions. The seedling height and ground diameter were measured by using a tape measure and vernier caliper respectively.
Data processing
Data processing was conducted with Excel 2007， and the variance analysis and multiple comparison of data were performed with SPSS 19.0.
Results and Analysis
Analysis of the difference between the half??sib families of C. glauca in terms of seedling height
According to Table 2， the coefficient of variation in the seedling height of the 42 half??sib families of C. glauca ranged from 2.39% to 21.38%， of which family 21 had the largest coefficient of variation， up to 21.38%. The average seedling height of family 19 was the highest， reaching 96.33 cm. The seedlings of family 15 grew slowest， and the average seedling height was only 44.35 cm. The variance analysis of seedling height of the 42 families was performed. Seen from Table 4， the difference between different families in terms of seedling height was extremely significant （P<0.01）.
Analysis of the difference between the half??sib families of C. glauca in terms of ground diameter
Seen from Table 3， among the half??sib families of C. glauca， the average ground diameter of family 28 was the largest， up to 9.32 mm， while that of family 4 was the smallest， only 5.65 mm. The variance analysis of ground diameter of the 42 families was also conducted. According to Table 4， the difference between different families in terms of ground diameter was also extremely significant （P<0.01）. Assessment of growth of half??sib families of C. glauca at the seedling stage
In order to further select good families， the seedling height of half??sib families of biennial C. glauca was compared by using the Duncan method. According to the division of groups by the Duncan method， the seedling height of families 39， 27， 13， 28 and 19 was higher than that of other families. The ground diameter of families 39， 27， 28 and 19 was larger than that of other families. The seedling height and ground diameter of families 39， 27， 28 and 19 were superior.
Jiyou WU et al. Growth Effect of Biennial Seedlings of Half??sib Families of Cyclobalanopsis glaucaConclusions
（1） Among the 42 half??sib families of C. glauca， there were extremely significant differences between different families in terms of seedling height and ground diameter， which was conducive to the choice of a good family. The coefficient of variation in the seedling height and ground diameter of a family was small， showing that the genetic stability was strong.
（2） Among the 42 families of C. glauca， the seedling height and ground diameter of families 39， 27， 28 and 19 were superior at the seedling stage， and these families can be used for afforestation.
（3） Since the growth traits of biennial seedlings of C. glauca at the seedling stage were analyzed in this study， the growth of forest stand after forestation needs further observation and research.
References
[1] DUAN MQ. Comprehensive utilization of Cyclobalanopsis resources in China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University，1995，17（2）：109-110. （in Chinese）.
[2] NI J， SONG YC. Relationships between geographical distribution of Cy??clobalanopsis glauca and climate in China[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica， 1997， 39（5）：451-460. （in Chinese）.
[3] WANG LC， QIAO CH， SHI Y， et al. Effects of different treatments on seed germination of Cyclobalanopsis glauca L.[J]. Forest Science and Technology，2015（5）：34-36. （in Chinese）.
[4] CHEN QX， LIAO L， ZHENG J， et al. Effects of light intensities on growth and physiological characteristics of potted Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae，2011，47（12）：53-59. （in Chinese）.
[5] WU L， LI ZH， WU JY， et al. Response of drought stress on cholorophyll content and anti??oxydant enzyme of Cyclobalanopsis glauca provenance clone seedlings[J]. Journal of Central South Forestry University， 2017，37（6）： 51-55. （in Chinese）.
[6] LIU Q， WU JY， CHENG Y， et al. Initial test on growth of Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings from various of provenances[J]. Journal of Central South Forestry University， 2017， 37（8）： 24-28. （in Chinese）.
[7] LIAO DZ， CHEN JF， LILT Q， et al. Response of water??logging stress on cholorophyll content and anti??oxydant enzyme of Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedling provenances clone[J]. Journal of Central South Forestry University， 2017， 37（9）： 1-6. （in Chinese）.
[8] ZENO SQ， LONG SS， XIAO HS， et al. Intraspecific and interspecific competition of Cyclobalanopsis glauca secondary forests in south China[J]. Journal of Central South Forestry University，2016，36（10）：1-5. （in Chinese）.
Key words Cyclobalanopsis glauca； Half??sib families； Seedling height； Ground diameter
Cyclobalanopsis glauca， an evergreen tree belonging to Cyclobalanopsis， Fagaceae， is a dominant tree species of moist evergreen broad??leaved forest in subtropical regions of China[1-2]. C. glauca has a wide range of uses and is a precious timber tree species. Its wood is hard， tough， and resistant to corrosion， and it is used to make high??grade furniture， flooring， and so on[3]. In addition， it is also a good garden ornamental tree species， can be mixed with other tree species to form a forest and landscape. Due to the severe man??made felling and destruction in the last century， C. glauca forests have suffered heavy losses. The existing secondary forests of C. glauca are mainly developed from the felled trees and cultivated by closing a mountain pass， so they are scattered and the area is small[4].
Since the 21st century， many researchers in China have carried out extensive research on C. glauca. For instance， Wu et al.[5] discussed the effects of drought stress on chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity of C. glauca from different provenances. Liu et al.[6] studied the growth of C. glauca seedlings from different provenances. Liao et al.[7] investigated the effects of waterlogging stress on chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity of C. glauca seedlings from different provenances. Zeng et al.[8] used the Hegyi competition index model to quantitatively analyze the competition relationship of secondary forests of C. glauca in South China. However， there has been no report on the breeding and growth of C. glauca seedlings so far. In this paper， the seedling height and ground diameter of biennial families of C. glauca were studied to choose superior families growing well at the seedling stage.
General Situation of the Test Area
The test site （111??30?? E， 29??13?? N） is located in the base of Hunan Fulin Biological Technology Co.， Ltd. in the northeast of Taoyuan County and has a typical subtropical humid monsoon climate， with an altitude of 100-180 m. Annual average temperature is 16.4 ??， and average temperature is 5.5 ?? in January and 28.6 ?? in July. The four seasons are distinct. Annual average rainfall is 1 480 mm. The landform is low hilly land. The soil is red soil developed in the Quaternary and deep. Soil pH is 5.5-6.8， and the fertility is general. It is suitable for the growth and development of many plants. Materials and Methods
Test materials
The seeds of different families of C. glauca were from the superior plants of C. glauca that were chosen from South China （Table 1）. In November 2014， the seeds were collected， processed and sanded in a unified manner. In the spring of 2015， the test of breeding seedlings was set up.
Test methods
In the test， completely randomized block design was adopted， and there were three repetitions. The seeds were sown in drill. The seeding ditches （4 cm in depth and 3-4 cm in width） were dug， and line spacing was 18 cm. The seeds were evenly scattered in the seeding ditches. Each ditch is sown with 10 seeds， and each family had six lines. After sowing， the seeds were covered with the sieved yellow soil.
The observation indicators involved in this study included the seedling height and ground diameter of biennial seedlings of C. glauca. The 42 families of C. glauca were observed， and 30 plants were chosen from each repetition of each family， and there were three repetitions. The seedling height and ground diameter were measured by using a tape measure and vernier caliper respectively.
Data processing
Data processing was conducted with Excel 2007， and the variance analysis and multiple comparison of data were performed with SPSS 19.0.
Results and Analysis
Analysis of the difference between the half??sib families of C. glauca in terms of seedling height
According to Table 2， the coefficient of variation in the seedling height of the 42 half??sib families of C. glauca ranged from 2.39% to 21.38%， of which family 21 had the largest coefficient of variation， up to 21.38%. The average seedling height of family 19 was the highest， reaching 96.33 cm. The seedlings of family 15 grew slowest， and the average seedling height was only 44.35 cm. The variance analysis of seedling height of the 42 families was performed. Seen from Table 4， the difference between different families in terms of seedling height was extremely significant （P<0.01）.
Analysis of the difference between the half??sib families of C. glauca in terms of ground diameter
Seen from Table 3， among the half??sib families of C. glauca， the average ground diameter of family 28 was the largest， up to 9.32 mm， while that of family 4 was the smallest， only 5.65 mm. The variance analysis of ground diameter of the 42 families was also conducted. According to Table 4， the difference between different families in terms of ground diameter was also extremely significant （P<0.01）. Assessment of growth of half??sib families of C. glauca at the seedling stage
In order to further select good families， the seedling height of half??sib families of biennial C. glauca was compared by using the Duncan method. According to the division of groups by the Duncan method， the seedling height of families 39， 27， 13， 28 and 19 was higher than that of other families. The ground diameter of families 39， 27， 28 and 19 was larger than that of other families. The seedling height and ground diameter of families 39， 27， 28 and 19 were superior.
Jiyou WU et al. Growth Effect of Biennial Seedlings of Half??sib Families of Cyclobalanopsis glaucaConclusions
（1） Among the 42 half??sib families of C. glauca， there were extremely significant differences between different families in terms of seedling height and ground diameter， which was conducive to the choice of a good family. The coefficient of variation in the seedling height and ground diameter of a family was small， showing that the genetic stability was strong.
（2） Among the 42 families of C. glauca， the seedling height and ground diameter of families 39， 27， 28 and 19 were superior at the seedling stage， and these families can be used for afforestation.
（3） Since the growth traits of biennial seedlings of C. glauca at the seedling stage were analyzed in this study， the growth of forest stand after forestation needs further observation and research.
References
[1] DUAN MQ. Comprehensive utilization of Cyclobalanopsis resources in China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University，1995，17（2）：109-110. （in Chinese）.
[2] NI J， SONG YC. Relationships between geographical distribution of Cy??clobalanopsis glauca and climate in China[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica， 1997， 39（5）：451-460. （in Chinese）.
[3] WANG LC， QIAO CH， SHI Y， et al. Effects of different treatments on seed germination of Cyclobalanopsis glauca L.[J]. Forest Science and Technology，2015（5）：34-36. （in Chinese）.
[4] CHEN QX， LIAO L， ZHENG J， et al. Effects of light intensities on growth and physiological characteristics of potted Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae，2011，47（12）：53-59. （in Chinese）.
[5] WU L， LI ZH， WU JY， et al. Response of drought stress on cholorophyll content and anti??oxydant enzyme of Cyclobalanopsis glauca provenance clone seedlings[J]. Journal of Central South Forestry University， 2017，37（6）： 51-55. （in Chinese）.
[6] LIU Q， WU JY， CHENG Y， et al. Initial test on growth of Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings from various of provenances[J]. Journal of Central South Forestry University， 2017， 37（8）： 24-28. （in Chinese）.
[7] LIAO DZ， CHEN JF， LILT Q， et al. Response of water??logging stress on cholorophyll content and anti??oxydant enzyme of Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedling provenances clone[J]. Journal of Central South Forestry University， 2017， 37（9）： 1-6. （in Chinese）.
[8] ZENO SQ， LONG SS， XIAO HS， et al. Intraspecific and interspecific competition of Cyclobalanopsis glauca secondary forests in south China[J]. Journal of Central South Forestry University，2016，36（10）：1-5. （in Chinese）.