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生态伦理学的理论基础研究述评杨克俭在什么样的理论基础上建构生态伦理学，既是生态伦理学的基本问题之一，也是７０多年以来（从２０世纪２０年代法国哲学家施韦兹提出生态伦理观至今）东西方伦理学界激烈争论的焦点。在旷日持久的争论中，逐渐形成了三个具有代表性的理论观点。第一种观点强调应把“人类中心论”作为生态伦理学的理论基础。这种观点认为，人类是自然界的主宰，是自然界万物进化的最终目的；只有人类才是衡量生命和非生命实体能否存在的唯一的价值尺度。生态伦理学只有建立在此基础上．才能最大限度地保护人类生存的既得利益。据此，他们提出了发展经济第一，保护生态环境第二的“先污染后治理”的生产模式和道德评价标准。第二种观点极力主张把“生态中心论”作为生态伦理学的理论基础。这一观点认为自然界是至高无上的上帝，人只不过是它的忠顺奴仆，人类只有听从自然的摆布，尊重自然的权利和价值，才能获得生存和发展。生态伦理学只有奠定在此基础上，生态道德才具有现实的绝对意义，才能让人类真正避免生态失衡和环境污染的困扰，并由此提出了保护生态第一，发展经济第二的“回归自然”或“抑制增长”的生产方式和伦理原则。第三种观点是“生态和谐论”。它认为，片面强调以人类
On the theoretical basis of ecological ethics on the basis of what kind of theory Yang Kejian construct ecological ethics, is not only one of the basic problems of ecological ethics, but also more than 70 years (from the 1920s French philosopher Schweiz proposed ecological ethics View so far) the focus of intense debate between East and West ethics. In protracted debates, gradually formed three representative theoretical point of view. The first viewpoint emphasizes that “anthropocentrism” should be the theoretical basis of ecological ethics. This view holds that mankind is the master of nature and the ultimate goal of the evolution of all things in nature. Only human beings are the only measure of the existence of living and non-living entities. Ecological ethics is only based on this. In order to maximize the protection of the vested interests of human existence. Accordingly, they put forward the production mode and moral evaluation standard of “developing after pollution first and protecting ecological environment second”. The second viewpoint strongly advocates “ecocentrism” as the theoretical basis of ecological ethics. This view holds that nature is the supreme god and that man is nothing but a loyal servant. Only by following the natural mercy and respecting the rights and values of nature can mankind be able to survive and develop. Only laid on this basis, ecological ethics only has the absolute meaning of reality in order to make mankind truly avoid the ecological imbalance and environmental pollution problems, and put forward to protect the ecological first, the development of economy second “back to nature ”Or“ inhibit growth ”mode of production and ethical principles. The third view is “ecological harmony theory.” It believes that one-sided emphasis on humanity