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Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of four different agrochemicals on Arma chinensis and Picromerus lewisi. Cypermethrin?¤phoxim， imidacloprid and fenvalerate had higher toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi. After the application of the agrochemicals， the released stink bugs could not well survive and propagate. Though the herbicide （glyphosate ammonium） had no direct toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi， their survival and propagation were affected after the application of the herbicide into natural environment. Therefore， to ensure better survival and propagation of the two kinds of stink bugs in natural environment， local agrochemical management should be strengthened， and the concept of green environmental protection should be constructed and popularized.
Key words Arma chinensis； Picromerus lewisi； Agrochemicals； Toxic effect； Three??dimensional biocontrol system
Arma chinensis is a kind of natural predatory enemy insect in Hemiptera， which could catch and feed on more than 40 species of agricultural and forestry pests including leaf beetles， slugs， scale insects and aphids in Coleoptera， Lepidoptera， and Homoptera[1-5]. Picromerus lewisi is also a kind of natural predatory enemy insect in hemiptera[6-8]， which is collected and propagates in large scale in in Zunyi City， Guizhou Province. P. lewisi， the same as A. chinensis， could catch and feed on various pests， with large predatory capacity and strong activity of daily living. P. lewisi was identified by related experts in Institute of Plant Protection， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， professor Cai Wanzhi in Department of Entomology， China Agricultural University and professor Liu Guoqing from the Department of Insects， Nankai University， while its genus and species still need further identification.
Under the support by Institute of Plant Protection， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， since 2014， Guizhou Tobacco Company Zunyi Branch constructed the Natural Enemy Insect Breeding Base in Suiyang County， where Mythimna separata is used as the prey of predatory stink bugs. M. separata belongs to Noctuidae family of Lepidoptera， and is also known as armyworm and Yedaochong， which is one of main pests harming agricultural crops. The Natural Enemy Insect Breeding Base produces millions of predatory stink bugs， which are released onto agricultural crops such as tobacco and vegetables as well as orchards， and the control efficiency reaches 60%， giving rise to a three??dimensional biocontrol system. Furthermore， Wang et al.[9] studied the biological characteristics of A. chinensis. They found that A. chinensis is distributed in a dozen or so provinces and cities in southern and northern China， with very strong adaptability. And it is suitable for artificial feeding， and under suitable ecological conditions， A. chinensis artificial released could settle down， form natural population and propagate to the population density capable of controlling pests. Through three years of preliminary tests which released A. chinensis and P. lewisi into field on crops， the observation results accord with the results obtained by Zheng et al.[10]， i.e.， A. chinensis has very strong adaptability to natural environment， and could be artificially reared easily， and the reared insects could be released after the third instar， and could inhibit pests including Ambrostoma quadriimopressum and Cnidocampa flavescens[10]. However， several months later， the two kinds of stink bugs could hardly been found in field. In this study， four kinds of agrochemicals were selected to perform toxic effect simulation tests on the two kinds of predatory stink bugs， so as to observe the toxic effects of common agrochemicals on the two kinds of predatory stink bugs. This study will provide reference for the extension of the two kinds of predatory stink bugs and the construction of three??dimensional biocontrol system.
Materials and Methods
Experimental materials
A. chinensis： A. chinensis was provided by Institute of Plant Protection， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
P. lewisi： P. lewisi was provided by Natural Enemy Insect Breeding Base， Guizhou Tobacco Company Zunyi Branch.
Tested agrochemicals： Four kinds of agrochemicals commonly used in agriculture were tested： glyphosate ammonium salt 68% （soluble granule） herbicide （Shandong Nord Biotechnology Co.， Ltd.）， 20% fenvalerate EC （Zhejiang Well??done Chemical Co.， Ltd.）， 10% imidacloprid WP （Hebei Xingbai Agricultural Science & Technology Co.， Ltd.）， and cypermethrin?¤phoxim containing 1.5% cypermethrin （Zhoukou Jinshi Chemical Co.， Ltd.）.
Tested stink bugs： A. chinensis； P. lewisi.
Experimental location
The experiment was carried out in Suiyang Natural Predatory Enemy Insect Breeding Base， Zunyi City， Guizhou Province.
Experimental methods
（1） Experimental design： with clear water as control （CK）， the toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on the two kinds of insects were observed， as shown in Table 1. （2） Experimental methods： According to above design， transparent observation boxes were selected to simulate natural environment. Fresh maize seedlings sprayed with one agrochemical （with clear water as CK） were placed in the observation boxes. In each of the observation box， M. separata artificially fed was placed into the box， and 20 A. chinensis or P. lewisi individuals at or older than the 5th instar were added into the box； and after raising for 7d， the death conditions of A. chinensis or P. lewisi were observed. In the observation period， if the fresh maize seedlings sprayed with agrochemical were all eaten by M. separata， fresh maize seedlings sprayed with the same agrochemical were supplemented timely， and if the M. separata individuals were all eaten by A. chinensis or P. lewisi， new ones were also supplemented.
（3） The concentration and dosage of each agrochemical were determined according to respective instruction.
Determination of results
After raising the insects for 7 d， the dead and survived A. chinensis or P. lewisi were observed and recorded.
Experimental times
The experiment was carried out according to above design with five replicates.
Data analysis
The data were analyzed in Minitab 16.
Results and Analysis
Toxic effects of four commonly used agrochemicals on A. chinensis and P. lewisi
The numbers of dead and survived A. chinensis or P. lewisi were observed. The toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on them are shown in Table 2.
Analysis on the toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on A. chinensis
Grouping was performed through one??way ANOVA of the toxic effect on A. chinensis by Tukey method （Table 3）.
It could be seen from Table 3 that the toxic effects of various agrochemicals on A. chinensis ranked as Y3： imidacloprid??Y4： cypermethrin?¤phoxim??Y2： fenvalerate??Y1： glyphosate ammonium??Y5： clear water. Among them， imidacloprid， cypermethrin?¤phoxim and fenvalerate had the highest toxic effects on A. chinensis， all the individuals of which were poisoned to death.
It could be known from the analysis that herbicide， glyphosate ammonium， had lower toxic effect on A. chinensis， and after the application of glyphosate ammonium， maize seedlings withered. It was speculated that it could poison maize seedlings， while some A. chinensis died due to the lack of food， i.e.， the drug hardly had any toxicity on A. chinensis which could be neglected. However， its action mechanism still needs further study. Analysis on the toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on P. lewisi
Grouping was performed through one??way ANOVA of the toxic effect on P. lewisi by Tukey method （Table 4）.
It could be seen from Table 4 that the toxic effects of various agrochemicals on P. lewisi ranked as Y4： cypermethrin?¤phoxim??Y3： imidacloprid??Y2： fenvalerate??Y1： glyphosate ammonium??Y5： Clean water. Cypermethrin?¤phoxim and imidacloprid had the highest toxic effects， causing the death of all individuals， and the toxic effect of fenvalerate was next to them.
The herbicide， glyphosate ammonium， had the toxic effect on P. lewisi equivalent to clear water （CK）， which hardly had any toxic effect. It could be further deduced that the herbicide （glyphosate ammonium） had no toxic effect on P. lewisi.
Comparison on drug resistance of A. chinensis and P. lewisi to the three agrochemicals with stronger toxic effects
The drug resistance of A. chinensis and P. lewisi to the three agrochemicals （cypermethrin?¤phoxim， imidacloprid and fenvalerate） with stronger toxic effects was compared （Table 5）. The results showed that the two kinds of predatory stink bugs had lower drug resistance to the three agrochemicals （cypermethrin?¤phoxim， imidacloprid and fenvalerate）， and the predatory stink bugs hardly could survive.
Conclusions
The toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on the two kinds of predatory stink bugs were compared， and the results showed that cypermethrin?¤phoxim， imidacloprid and fenvalerate had higher toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi. On the market， the agrochemicals are mostly prepared with the four agrochemicals. Therefore， after the application of the agrochemicals， the released stink bugs could not well survive and propagate. Though the herbicide had no direct toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi， their survival and propagation were affected after the application of the herbicide into natural environment， i.e.， they could not well survive.
Discussion
Compared with natural environment， there might be deviations in two aspects.
Firstly， the stink bugs were placed in the observation boxes which were used to simulate the natural environment， and the death of the two kinds of stink bugs was observed and analyzed， but in the experimental process， the death of the two kinds of stink bugs was caused by two reasons. One reason was that the stink bugs caught and ate the M. separata carrying the agrochemicals （the pests ate the fresh maize leaves sprayed with the agrochemicals）. The other reason was that the stink bugs directly ate the fresh maize seedlings carrying the agrochemicals. The separate observation tests showed that the two conditions both existed， but which one caused the death of more skink bugs and which one caused the death of fewer stink bugs still need further specific comparative study. However， in either case， in actual natural environment， once agrochemicals are applied， the death of predatory stink bugs would be caused. Secondly， the experiment method was not very reasonable. After applying agrochemicals into field， the toxicity of the agrochemicals goes through a gradual attenuation process. Generally， the toxicity of the agrochemicals is in the peak period during the first seven days， and then begins to attenuate gradually. In this study， after the application of the agrochemicals， stink bugs and M. separata were put into the boxes immediately， and data observation was started from the 7th day when the toxicity began to attenuate. Compared with natural environment， that is to say if the two kinds of stink bugs had been released to natural environment 7 d after the application of the agrochemicals， the death number of the two kinds of stink bugs would be relatively smaller.
With the large??scale breeding of predatory natural enemy insects represented by the two kinds of predatory stink bugs， the biological control of farming and forestry pests has made a great breakthrough. The ecological benefit and social benefit achieved by releasing the two kinds of stink bugs into parks， forests and orchards in a large quantity are far higher than the economic benefit. Currently， many economic progresses in China are achieved by scarifying environmental quality， and therefore， after the rapid development of economy， the environment should be improved with economic support， which needs strong support and understanding from the government and the public. The vigorous promotion of the biocontrol of pests would facilitate the improvement of cities??s habitability index as well as the construction of "beautiful China"， "ecological city" and "beautiful village"[11-14]， has higher economic， social and ecological benefits， and is thus of profound significance.
According to the Chemical Pesticides Zero Growth Action Plan to 2000 formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture， China[15]， the total pesticide consumption is still slightly large. To construct a three??dimensional biocontrol system using the two kinds of stink bugs， it requires the population of the predatory natural enemy insects to increase continuously， thereby forming certain suppression on pests， which allows the formation of a dynamic ecological equilibrium between pests and natural enemies under the condition of not applying pesticides， and thus makes the harms of pests on agriculture and forestry at a relatively lower level. As to how to construction the biocontrol system， some advises were given in this study. Firstly， related departments should conduct top design， which takes the Natural Enemy Insect Breeding Base as a template， to construct breeding bases in various areas of China. Secondly， in the agroforestry extension process， contiguous extension is beneficial to the survival and natural propagation of natural enemy insects， and thus allows continuous increase of insect population. Thirdly， besides releasing the stink bugs to field， it is necessary to plant habitats for predatory stink bugs with certain areas， which could be protected during soil preparation. Fourthly， when developing these two kinds of predatory stink bugs， other types of predatory stink bugs such as Aphidiidae， lacewing flies and predatory mites also should be developed. Fifthly， the concept of green environmental protection should be established and popularized， to help farmers to change idea and give up the use of pesticides on their own initiative. Sixthly， the production， sell and application should strictly managed. Finally， a complete biocontrol monitoring system should be constructed， which will facilitate the stabilization of three??dimensional biocontrol system， dynamic decision??making of policies， continuous improvement of technology and evaluation of control efficiency. References
[1] XIAO GR. Forest insects in China[M]. Beijing： China Forestry Publishing House，1992：304-306.
[2] GAO Z. Study on biological characteristics of Armachinensis[J]. Journal of Engineering of Heilongjiang， 2011， 2（4）： 73-77.
[3] YANG WY. Pentatomidae family in Hemiptera （Economic Insect Fauna of China）[M]. Beijing： Science Press， 1962.
[4] LIANG Y. Study on biological characteristics of Arma chinensis in two forest regions in Lanzhou[J]. Forestry of Gansu， 2015（6）： 31-32.
[5] CHEN FY. Preliminary investigation of Hemiptera natural enemy insects in Guizhou Province， Reduviidae， Nabidae and Asopinae （Pentatomidae） [J]. Journal of Guizhou University： Natural Science Edition，1984（2）：97-99.
[6] CHEN ZY. Predatory natural enemy， Arma chinensis[J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology， 1986（4）： 207-208.
[7] ZHAO Q. A revision of the asopineae from China and the study of DNA taxonomy of Arma， Carbula and Eysarcoris （Hemipetra： Pentatomidae）[D]. Tianjin： Nankai University， 2013.
[8] XIAO CY. Chinese bug insect identification manual （volume one）[M]. Beijing： Science Press，1977.
[9] WANG WL， LIU Q， YAN JH. Preliminary observation of preyed ability of Arma chinensis （Fallou）， a new natural enemy of hyphantriacunea （Drury）[J]. Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology， 2012（1）： 11-14.
[10] ZHENG ZY， CHEN YW. Control of several forest pests using Arma chinensis[J]. Chinese Journal of Biological Control， 1992， 8（4）： 15-156.
[11] ZOU DY， XU WH. Research progress and prospects of Arma chinensis Fallou （Hemiptera： Pentatomidae）[J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology， 2016， 38（4）： 857-865.
[12] ZOU DY. Transcriptome study and feeding cost analysis of Arma chinensis fed with artificial fodder containing no insect components[D]. Beijing： Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， 2013.
[13] YANG HX， CHEN HY. Brief talk about biocontrol of potato beetle[J]. China Animal and Plant Quarantine， 2007（6）： 368-372.
[14] GAO Z， ZHANG LX， WANG GQ. Protecting and using Arma chinensis to control sugarbeet pests[J]. Sugar Crops of China， 2009， 1： 70-72.
[15] ZHANG GF. Chemical pesticides zero growth action plan to 2000 in China[J]. Chinese Journal of New Agriculture， 2015， 21：31-35.
Key words Arma chinensis； Picromerus lewisi； Agrochemicals； Toxic effect； Three??dimensional biocontrol system
Arma chinensis is a kind of natural predatory enemy insect in Hemiptera， which could catch and feed on more than 40 species of agricultural and forestry pests including leaf beetles， slugs， scale insects and aphids in Coleoptera， Lepidoptera， and Homoptera[1-5]. Picromerus lewisi is also a kind of natural predatory enemy insect in hemiptera[6-8]， which is collected and propagates in large scale in in Zunyi City， Guizhou Province. P. lewisi， the same as A. chinensis， could catch and feed on various pests， with large predatory capacity and strong activity of daily living. P. lewisi was identified by related experts in Institute of Plant Protection， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， professor Cai Wanzhi in Department of Entomology， China Agricultural University and professor Liu Guoqing from the Department of Insects， Nankai University， while its genus and species still need further identification.
Under the support by Institute of Plant Protection， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， since 2014， Guizhou Tobacco Company Zunyi Branch constructed the Natural Enemy Insect Breeding Base in Suiyang County， where Mythimna separata is used as the prey of predatory stink bugs. M. separata belongs to Noctuidae family of Lepidoptera， and is also known as armyworm and Yedaochong， which is one of main pests harming agricultural crops. The Natural Enemy Insect Breeding Base produces millions of predatory stink bugs， which are released onto agricultural crops such as tobacco and vegetables as well as orchards， and the control efficiency reaches 60%， giving rise to a three??dimensional biocontrol system. Furthermore， Wang et al.[9] studied the biological characteristics of A. chinensis. They found that A. chinensis is distributed in a dozen or so provinces and cities in southern and northern China， with very strong adaptability. And it is suitable for artificial feeding， and under suitable ecological conditions， A. chinensis artificial released could settle down， form natural population and propagate to the population density capable of controlling pests. Through three years of preliminary tests which released A. chinensis and P. lewisi into field on crops， the observation results accord with the results obtained by Zheng et al.[10]， i.e.， A. chinensis has very strong adaptability to natural environment， and could be artificially reared easily， and the reared insects could be released after the third instar， and could inhibit pests including Ambrostoma quadriimopressum and Cnidocampa flavescens[10]. However， several months later， the two kinds of stink bugs could hardly been found in field. In this study， four kinds of agrochemicals were selected to perform toxic effect simulation tests on the two kinds of predatory stink bugs， so as to observe the toxic effects of common agrochemicals on the two kinds of predatory stink bugs. This study will provide reference for the extension of the two kinds of predatory stink bugs and the construction of three??dimensional biocontrol system.
Materials and Methods
Experimental materials
A. chinensis： A. chinensis was provided by Institute of Plant Protection， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
P. lewisi： P. lewisi was provided by Natural Enemy Insect Breeding Base， Guizhou Tobacco Company Zunyi Branch.
Tested agrochemicals： Four kinds of agrochemicals commonly used in agriculture were tested： glyphosate ammonium salt 68% （soluble granule） herbicide （Shandong Nord Biotechnology Co.， Ltd.）， 20% fenvalerate EC （Zhejiang Well??done Chemical Co.， Ltd.）， 10% imidacloprid WP （Hebei Xingbai Agricultural Science & Technology Co.， Ltd.）， and cypermethrin?¤phoxim containing 1.5% cypermethrin （Zhoukou Jinshi Chemical Co.， Ltd.）.
Tested stink bugs： A. chinensis； P. lewisi.
Experimental location
The experiment was carried out in Suiyang Natural Predatory Enemy Insect Breeding Base， Zunyi City， Guizhou Province.
Experimental methods
（1） Experimental design： with clear water as control （CK）， the toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on the two kinds of insects were observed， as shown in Table 1. （2） Experimental methods： According to above design， transparent observation boxes were selected to simulate natural environment. Fresh maize seedlings sprayed with one agrochemical （with clear water as CK） were placed in the observation boxes. In each of the observation box， M. separata artificially fed was placed into the box， and 20 A. chinensis or P. lewisi individuals at or older than the 5th instar were added into the box； and after raising for 7d， the death conditions of A. chinensis or P. lewisi were observed. In the observation period， if the fresh maize seedlings sprayed with agrochemical were all eaten by M. separata， fresh maize seedlings sprayed with the same agrochemical were supplemented timely， and if the M. separata individuals were all eaten by A. chinensis or P. lewisi， new ones were also supplemented.
（3） The concentration and dosage of each agrochemical were determined according to respective instruction.
Determination of results
After raising the insects for 7 d， the dead and survived A. chinensis or P. lewisi were observed and recorded.
Experimental times
The experiment was carried out according to above design with five replicates.
Data analysis
The data were analyzed in Minitab 16.
Results and Analysis
Toxic effects of four commonly used agrochemicals on A. chinensis and P. lewisi
The numbers of dead and survived A. chinensis or P. lewisi were observed. The toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on them are shown in Table 2.
Analysis on the toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on A. chinensis
Grouping was performed through one??way ANOVA of the toxic effect on A. chinensis by Tukey method （Table 3）.
It could be seen from Table 3 that the toxic effects of various agrochemicals on A. chinensis ranked as Y3： imidacloprid??Y4： cypermethrin?¤phoxim??Y2： fenvalerate??Y1： glyphosate ammonium??Y5： clear water. Among them， imidacloprid， cypermethrin?¤phoxim and fenvalerate had the highest toxic effects on A. chinensis， all the individuals of which were poisoned to death.
It could be known from the analysis that herbicide， glyphosate ammonium， had lower toxic effect on A. chinensis， and after the application of glyphosate ammonium， maize seedlings withered. It was speculated that it could poison maize seedlings， while some A. chinensis died due to the lack of food， i.e.， the drug hardly had any toxicity on A. chinensis which could be neglected. However， its action mechanism still needs further study. Analysis on the toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on P. lewisi
Grouping was performed through one??way ANOVA of the toxic effect on P. lewisi by Tukey method （Table 4）.
It could be seen from Table 4 that the toxic effects of various agrochemicals on P. lewisi ranked as Y4： cypermethrin?¤phoxim??Y3： imidacloprid??Y2： fenvalerate??Y1： glyphosate ammonium??Y5： Clean water. Cypermethrin?¤phoxim and imidacloprid had the highest toxic effects， causing the death of all individuals， and the toxic effect of fenvalerate was next to them.
The herbicide， glyphosate ammonium， had the toxic effect on P. lewisi equivalent to clear water （CK）， which hardly had any toxic effect. It could be further deduced that the herbicide （glyphosate ammonium） had no toxic effect on P. lewisi.
Comparison on drug resistance of A. chinensis and P. lewisi to the three agrochemicals with stronger toxic effects
The drug resistance of A. chinensis and P. lewisi to the three agrochemicals （cypermethrin?¤phoxim， imidacloprid and fenvalerate） with stronger toxic effects was compared （Table 5）. The results showed that the two kinds of predatory stink bugs had lower drug resistance to the three agrochemicals （cypermethrin?¤phoxim， imidacloprid and fenvalerate）， and the predatory stink bugs hardly could survive.
Conclusions
The toxic effects of the four commonly??used agrochemicals on the two kinds of predatory stink bugs were compared， and the results showed that cypermethrin?¤phoxim， imidacloprid and fenvalerate had higher toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi. On the market， the agrochemicals are mostly prepared with the four agrochemicals. Therefore， after the application of the agrochemicals， the released stink bugs could not well survive and propagate. Though the herbicide had no direct toxic effects on A. chinensis and P. lewisi， their survival and propagation were affected after the application of the herbicide into natural environment， i.e.， they could not well survive.
Discussion
Compared with natural environment， there might be deviations in two aspects.
Firstly， the stink bugs were placed in the observation boxes which were used to simulate the natural environment， and the death of the two kinds of stink bugs was observed and analyzed， but in the experimental process， the death of the two kinds of stink bugs was caused by two reasons. One reason was that the stink bugs caught and ate the M. separata carrying the agrochemicals （the pests ate the fresh maize leaves sprayed with the agrochemicals）. The other reason was that the stink bugs directly ate the fresh maize seedlings carrying the agrochemicals. The separate observation tests showed that the two conditions both existed， but which one caused the death of more skink bugs and which one caused the death of fewer stink bugs still need further specific comparative study. However， in either case， in actual natural environment， once agrochemicals are applied， the death of predatory stink bugs would be caused. Secondly， the experiment method was not very reasonable. After applying agrochemicals into field， the toxicity of the agrochemicals goes through a gradual attenuation process. Generally， the toxicity of the agrochemicals is in the peak period during the first seven days， and then begins to attenuate gradually. In this study， after the application of the agrochemicals， stink bugs and M. separata were put into the boxes immediately， and data observation was started from the 7th day when the toxicity began to attenuate. Compared with natural environment， that is to say if the two kinds of stink bugs had been released to natural environment 7 d after the application of the agrochemicals， the death number of the two kinds of stink bugs would be relatively smaller.
With the large??scale breeding of predatory natural enemy insects represented by the two kinds of predatory stink bugs， the biological control of farming and forestry pests has made a great breakthrough. The ecological benefit and social benefit achieved by releasing the two kinds of stink bugs into parks， forests and orchards in a large quantity are far higher than the economic benefit. Currently， many economic progresses in China are achieved by scarifying environmental quality， and therefore， after the rapid development of economy， the environment should be improved with economic support， which needs strong support and understanding from the government and the public. The vigorous promotion of the biocontrol of pests would facilitate the improvement of cities??s habitability index as well as the construction of "beautiful China"， "ecological city" and "beautiful village"[11-14]， has higher economic， social and ecological benefits， and is thus of profound significance.
According to the Chemical Pesticides Zero Growth Action Plan to 2000 formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture， China[15]， the total pesticide consumption is still slightly large. To construct a three??dimensional biocontrol system using the two kinds of stink bugs， it requires the population of the predatory natural enemy insects to increase continuously， thereby forming certain suppression on pests， which allows the formation of a dynamic ecological equilibrium between pests and natural enemies under the condition of not applying pesticides， and thus makes the harms of pests on agriculture and forestry at a relatively lower level. As to how to construction the biocontrol system， some advises were given in this study. Firstly， related departments should conduct top design， which takes the Natural Enemy Insect Breeding Base as a template， to construct breeding bases in various areas of China. Secondly， in the agroforestry extension process， contiguous extension is beneficial to the survival and natural propagation of natural enemy insects， and thus allows continuous increase of insect population. Thirdly， besides releasing the stink bugs to field， it is necessary to plant habitats for predatory stink bugs with certain areas， which could be protected during soil preparation. Fourthly， when developing these two kinds of predatory stink bugs， other types of predatory stink bugs such as Aphidiidae， lacewing flies and predatory mites also should be developed. Fifthly， the concept of green environmental protection should be established and popularized， to help farmers to change idea and give up the use of pesticides on their own initiative. Sixthly， the production， sell and application should strictly managed. Finally， a complete biocontrol monitoring system should be constructed， which will facilitate the stabilization of three??dimensional biocontrol system， dynamic decision??making of policies， continuous improvement of technology and evaluation of control efficiency. References
[1] XIAO GR. Forest insects in China[M]. Beijing： China Forestry Publishing House，1992：304-306.
[2] GAO Z. Study on biological characteristics of Armachinensis[J]. Journal of Engineering of Heilongjiang， 2011， 2（4）： 73-77.
[3] YANG WY. Pentatomidae family in Hemiptera （Economic Insect Fauna of China）[M]. Beijing： Science Press， 1962.
[4] LIANG Y. Study on biological characteristics of Arma chinensis in two forest regions in Lanzhou[J]. Forestry of Gansu， 2015（6）： 31-32.
[5] CHEN FY. Preliminary investigation of Hemiptera natural enemy insects in Guizhou Province， Reduviidae， Nabidae and Asopinae （Pentatomidae） [J]. Journal of Guizhou University： Natural Science Edition，1984（2）：97-99.
[6] CHEN ZY. Predatory natural enemy， Arma chinensis[J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology， 1986（4）： 207-208.
[7] ZHAO Q. A revision of the asopineae from China and the study of DNA taxonomy of Arma， Carbula and Eysarcoris （Hemipetra： Pentatomidae）[D]. Tianjin： Nankai University， 2013.
[8] XIAO CY. Chinese bug insect identification manual （volume one）[M]. Beijing： Science Press，1977.
[9] WANG WL， LIU Q， YAN JH. Preliminary observation of preyed ability of Arma chinensis （Fallou）， a new natural enemy of hyphantriacunea （Drury）[J]. Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology， 2012（1）： 11-14.
[10] ZHENG ZY， CHEN YW. Control of several forest pests using Arma chinensis[J]. Chinese Journal of Biological Control， 1992， 8（4）： 15-156.
[11] ZOU DY， XU WH. Research progress and prospects of Arma chinensis Fallou （Hemiptera： Pentatomidae）[J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology， 2016， 38（4）： 857-865.
[12] ZOU DY. Transcriptome study and feeding cost analysis of Arma chinensis fed with artificial fodder containing no insect components[D]. Beijing： Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， 2013.
[13] YANG HX， CHEN HY. Brief talk about biocontrol of potato beetle[J]. China Animal and Plant Quarantine， 2007（6）： 368-372.
[14] GAO Z， ZHANG LX， WANG GQ. Protecting and using Arma chinensis to control sugarbeet pests[J]. Sugar Crops of China， 2009， 1： 70-72.
[15] ZHANG GF. Chemical pesticides zero growth action plan to 2000 in China[J]. Chinese Journal of New Agriculture， 2015， 21：31-35.