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社会分层是社会学的基本概念之一,马克思的阶级分析方法是社会分层理论的一种。毛泽东在领导中国革命的过程中,把马克思主义的阶级分析方法和中国半殖民地半封建社会的实际结合,在20世纪30年代形成了关于中国农村社会分层的系统理论。这套理论在建国后的土地改革和农村社会主义改造过程中根据形势和任务的变化进行了一些调整,仍然发挥了积极作用。在社会主义改造完成后,由于剥削阶级已经消灭,农村原来的各阶层都成了集体经济的成员,毛泽东对农村社会分层问题的认识应该与时俱进,进行理论创新。但毛泽东继续沿用革命时代的农村社会分层理论,强调农村各阶层的斗争,对生产力的发展造成了一定的消极影响。
Social stratification is one of the basic concepts in sociology. Marx’s method of class analysis is a kind of theory of social stratification. In the course of leading the Chinese revolution, Mao Zedong formed a systematic theory of the stratification of Chinese rural society in the 1930s by combining the Marxist class analysis method with the actual integration of China’s semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. This theory has made some adjustments in the process of land reform and rural socialism reconstruction after the founding of the People’s Republic of China according to changes in the situation and tasks and has still played a positive role. After the socialist transformation was completed, all the strata of the rural areas have become members of the collective economy because the exploiting classes have been eliminated. Mao Zedong’s understanding of stratification in rural areas should keep pace with the times and make theoretical innovations. However, Mao Zedong continued to use the theory of stratification of rural society in the revolutionary era and emphasized that the struggles of all strata in rural areas had a certain negative impact on the development of the productive forces.