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19世纪后半叶,机械的发展和财富的积累促使了一个过渡与极端、衰退与进步的新的时代的产生。在这一时期,新的作家提出新的思想。他们主张关注生活的各个方面并淋漓尽致的展现在作品中,其中包括生活的残酷与卑贱,以及残忍的阶级斗争。然而内战以后,工业化的迅速崛起导致了贫富两极分化,人们的生活变得更加苦不堪言,他们的内心充满了消极与失落,“适者生存”这一思想成为了道德标准,这也就促使了自然主义的出现。
In the second half of the 19th century, the development of machinery and the accumulation of wealth prompted the emergence of a new era of transition and extremism, recession and progress. During this period, new writers come up with new ideas. They advocate paying attention to all aspects of life and show them vividly in their works, including the cruelty and humiliation of life and the cruel class struggle. However, after the civil war, the rapid rise of industrialization led to a polarization between the rich and the poor and people’s lives became even more miserable. Their hearts were full of negativity and loss, and the idea of “survival of the fittest” became the moral standard. It also prompted the emergence of naturalism.