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道德风险是指道德原则和规范在推行过程中有可能对社会产生某种阻碍或破坏的作用,它包括道德滞后或超前的风险和个体道德表达不确定的风险。前者是指道德原则和规范在推行的过程中有可能超出或滞后于人与社会的实际情况而在一定程度上阻碍人与社会的发展,后者是指个体在践履道德的过程中有可能因缺乏一致性而使社会遭受某种程度的破坏。这两类道德风险本质上存在一种吊诡关系,即它们分别处于“适度”的两端,是一种相反相成的关系,当我们试图规避其中的一种风险时有可能导致另一种风险。在这种吊诡中我们规避道德风险的思路只能是先避开自身恶较大的那种风险,然后再兼顾另一种风险的限制。
Moral hazard refers to the moral principles and norms in the implementation process may have some kind of obstruction or damage to society, which includes the risk of moral lag or advanced and individual moral uncertainty of the risk. The former refers to the moral principles and norms in the implementation process may exceed or lag behind the actual situation of people and society to a certain extent, hinder the development of people and society, the latter refers to the individual in the process of moral fulfillment is possible Societies suffer some damage as a result of lack of coherence. There is essentially a paradoxical relationship between these two types of moral hazard, that is, they are at opposite ends of the “moderation” and are an opposite relationship. When we try to circumvent one of these risks, it may lead to another risk . In this paradox we can only avoid the risk of moral hazard by avoiding the risk of bigger one and then taking into account the risk of another.