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本文考察中古开口二等七摄(梗江假蟹效咸山)的舒声见系字在《中原音韵》《洪武正韵》的韵类分合及之后在当代官话方言中的演变和权威方言传播的层次。考察表明:(1)见开二在《中原》《洪武》两书归韵的唯一区别在于梗开二(除影母):《中原》一律归细音梗开三四,而《洪武》则除影母外一律归洪音曾开一。这一不同,在今官话方言中仍有反映:(1)与《洪武》基本相同的有汴洛和杭州、南京、合肥三市;(2)与《中原》基本相同的则仅限北京、济南及东北的白读,它们的文读却同《洪武》;其他官话亦同洪武。(2)两书的江开二均归宕开三,今多数官话亦如此;(3)异于两书,扬州、武汉、成都、长沙的江开二白读却归洪,与非官话方言相同。(3)假蟹效咸山五摄的见开二在两书中仍独立一类,不同于一等也不同于三四等。当代官话中它们已向不同方向归并:上述(1)(2)两型基本归细而(3)型则白读归洪。此外还有“擦洪塞细”的(4)型,程度不同地出现在西北。(4)根据以上四型的地理分布并参考邻近非官话方言,以上四型可分别称为中部、东北部、南部和西北部官话。(5)从见开二的文白异读可以窥见:明代和清前期中期的权威方言是《洪武》型的中部官话,再向前可追溯到南宋皇室南迁之前的中原汴洛音和南迁后的方言岛临安官话,包括北京在内的所有官话和非官话东南方言的见开二的文读均源于此,并对明代之后的北京音产生了重要影响。
This article examines the second half of the opening of the Middle Ages (stems and crabs of Hamshan Xian Shan Shu) see dialect in the “Central Plains rhyme,” “Hong Wu is rhyme” Rhyme class division and later in the dialect of contemporary dialect evolution and authoritative dialect The level of communication. The survey showed that: (1) The only difference between the two books of “Hongwu” in the Central Plains was that of opening two (except the shadow mother): “Central Plains” In addition to the shadow of the mother all go to Hongyin had opened one. This difference is still reflected in the dialect of today’s Mandarin: (1) There are basically the same Diaoyu and “Hongwu” cities in Hangzhou, Nanjing and Hefei; (2) Basically the same as the “Central Plains,” only Beijing, Jinan and northeast of white reading, but their literary reading is the same “Hongwu”; other Mandarin with Hongwu. (2) Jiang Kai-il of the two books went to Dangkai III and most of the present-day kings did the same. (3) Jiang Kai-il read two books, Yangzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu and Changsha, the same. (3) The effect of false crabs on the salty mountains of the five cows to see the open two in the two books are still independent of a class, different from the first class is also different from the third and fourth class. They have been merged in different directions in contemporary Mandarin: the above two types of (1) (2) are basically subdivided and the type (3) is white. In addition there are “rubbing” (4) type, to varying degrees to appear in the northwest. (4) According to the geographical distribution of the above four types and referring to the adjacent non-Mandarin dialects, the above four types can be respectively referred to as the middle, northeast, southern and northwest Mandarin. (5) From the second reading of the literary and literary readings, we can see that the authoritative dialect of the mid-Ming and early Qing Dynasty was the middle-type Mandarin of “Hongwu” type, which can be traced back to the Zhongyuan 汴 洛 音 and the southward move of the Southern Song Dynasty After dialect island Lin’an Mandarin, including all the official Mandarin including Beijing and non-Mandarin southeast dialect see the opening two of the textual reading are derived from this, and after the Ming Dynasty Beijing tone had a significant impact.