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在东欧国家向市场经济过渡进程中,所有制关系的变革,特别是企业产权的转变一直是其经济纲领的重要组成部分。以往西方经济学家对企业产权问题都认为:社会主义经济改革的关键是实行私有化。但是,从过去一年中,在波兰、匈牙利的初步试验表明,私有化带来了政治、经济等方面难以克服的困难和诸多社会混乱现象。面对这一形势,许多经济学家开始比较现实地重新探讨企业产权转变的理论及模式。连过去坚持主张私有化的著名经济学家密尔顿·弗里德曼也重新明确表示“国营大企业不应出售给私人。”芝加哥大学教授利扎尔亦表示:过去认为私有制能刺激人的积极性,但从事实来看,所有制与积极性并无直接联系。只要管理人员及工人的报酬和职位同企业的经营状况挂钩,就会产生积极性。对国营企业经营不佳的原因,也有了对较客观认识:1.受外界因素干扰过多;2.缺
In the course of the transition from the Eastern European countries to the market economy, changes in ownership relations, in particular the transformation of property rights of enterprises, have always been an important part of their economic program. In the past, western economists thought that the key to the reform of the socialist economy was privatization. However, from the past year, preliminary tests in Poland and Hungary have shown that privatization has brought insurmountable difficulties in political and economic fields and many social chaos. Faced with this situation, many economists have begun to re-explore the theory and mode of the transformation of property rights more realistically. Even the famous economist Milton Friedman, who persisted in advocating privatization, has also made it clear that “large state-owned enterprises should not be sold to private individuals.” Ligzar, a professor at the University of Chicago, also said: In the past, private ownership was stimulating Enthusiasm, but in fact, there is no direct relationship between ownership and enthusiasm. As long as remuneration and positions of managers and workers are linked to the state of the business, there will be incentives. The reasons for the poor state-run enterprises, but also have a more objective understanding: 1. Too much interference by external factors;