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从考古发掘现场出土的铁器如果没有得到适当的保护是很易锈解的。我们研究了铁器锈蚀情况的检测方法以及锈蚀条件与铁器冶铸工艺之间的关系。根据锈蚀的形态特征,可利用肉眼、光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其进行分类。这一点与X光微量分析技术和离子层析法(ion chromatography)有着明显的不同。可以阐明的一点是,阴离子能够影响锈蚀物质的形态特征,含氯离子的锈蚀物质呈圆柱形和半球形,含硫离子的锈蚀物质呈六边形。如果是铸铁器物,则根据铸造冶金学和金相学原理,就可以检测出由锈蚀引发的锈解。铸造工艺影响着铸铁文物最初的晶体结构,而这种晶体结构又影响着锈蚀状况。灰口铁中的片状石墨(the flkygraphite)能引发表层锈片的脱落,白口铁中的莱氏体(the ledeburite structure)结构可使铁器锈解成碎块。通过对锈蚀物质的观测可以了解铁器的锈蚀状况,这对田野考古学家来说是很有帮助的。
Ironworks excavated from archeological excavations is very rust-free unless it is properly protected. We studied the detection method of iron corrosion and the relationship between corrosion conditions and iron smelting process. According to the morphological features of corrosion, they can be classified by naked eye, light microscope and scanning electron microscope. This is distinct from X-ray microanalysis and ion chromatography. It can be clarified that the anion can affect the morphological characteristics of the corrosive substances, the corrosive substances containing chloride ions are cylindrical and hemispherical, and the corrosive substances containing sulfur ions are hexagonal. In the case of cast iron objects, the corrosion caused by rust can be detected by the principles of foundry metallurgy and metallography. Casting process cast iron artifacts affect the initial crystal structure, which in turn affect the corrosion of the crystal structure. The flkygraphite in the gray iron can cause shedding of the surface rust, and the ledeburite structure in the white iron can cause the iron to rust to pieces. Through the observation of corrosive substances can understand the status of corrosion of iron, which is very helpful for field archeologists.