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英国是世界福利国家的发源地,英国的济贫因所经阶段不同而特征各异。1601年伊丽莎白济贫法及其后的《居住法》更多地考虑社会经济发展和国家秩序稳定,济贫更关注效率而忽视了公平。随着英国社会贫困问题的严重,政府亦通过了体现公平的斯品汉姆兰制度,但此法仍未能兼顾公平与效率。1834年《济贫法修正案》更是展现了济贫中效率与公平的矛盾交织。20世纪初《养老金法案》的通过,才使英国真正考虑到了济贫的公平与效率相平衡的问题,为英国向现代福利国家转变奠定了基础。
Britain is the birthplace of the world’s welfare state, and the poor in Britain have different characteristics due to different stages. The Elizabeth Estates Act of 1601 and its subsequent Living Law considered social and economic development and the stability of the state more than ever before, and sacrificing poverty focused more on efficiency and neglected fairness. With the serious problem of poverty in British society, the government passed the Stimshamlan system which shows fairness. However, this law still fails to balance fairness and efficiency. The Amendment to the Poor Legislation of 1834 even shows the contradictions between efficiency and fairness in poverty relief. The passage of the Pensions Bill in the early 20th century made Britain truly consider the balance between fairness and efficiency in poverty alleviation and laid the foundation for Britain’s transition to a modern welfare state.