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惩罚性赔偿具有“准刑罚”的特征,背离了损害填补的基本原理;同时,惩罚性赔偿又是现行法中被严重“软化”的制度,无法实现其应有的威慑功能。造成惩罚性赔偿被“软化”的原因在于当前理论必然会导致受害人“不当得利”的结果。故此,应当分两步对惩罚性赔偿进行重构性修复:其一,将惩罚性赔偿的适用范围限定为“执法落差”的情形,并解除其它不合理限制,以恢复其完整的威慑功能;其二,建立惩罚性赔偿金的合理分配机制,以化解受害人的“不当得利”。经重构的惩罚性赔偿实为补偿性赔偿的特殊安排,由此带来的上升行为风险可以通过责任保险进行分散。
Punitive damages have the characteristics of “quasi-punishment”, which departs from the basic principle of damage compensation. At the same time, punitive damages is a serious “softening” system in the current law and can not achieve its proper deterrent function. The reason that punitive damages are “softened” is that the current theory is bound to result in the victim’s “unjust enrichment.” Therefore, punitive damages should be reconstructed in two steps: First, the scope of punitive damages should be limited to “law enforcement gap”, and other unreasonable restrictions should be lifted to restore their complete deterrence Function; Second, the establishment of a reasonable distribution of punitive damages mechanism to resolve the victim’s “unjust enrichment.” Reconstruction of the punitive damages is actually a special arrangement for compensatory damages, the resulting risk of ascending behavior can be dispersed through liability insurance.