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蒙古人民共和国是中亚大国,由两百万平方公里的草原、沙漠和山脉组成（图2,3）。这个国家经受着极端的中亚洲大陆气候,降雨量和湿度很低,通常夏季气温常高达40℃,冬季则为零下40℃。在南部沙漠区的一些地区夏季地表温度可达70℃,而九月下旬到三月中大部分地区全天均低于O℃。由于地处偏远,资料不易获得,更因为历史上与外界隔绝,蒙古地质在西方文献中少有记载。Berkey与Morris（1927）所做的先驱性工作仍是英文记录的唯一最重要的资料来源,当然近来有一些主要为俄文和中文的构造评述。前苏联和蒙古近年来的变革使得西方地质学家可以进入该国的偏僻地区。本文是15个月的研究成果的综合,其中包括由英国石油勘探公司、蒙古国家石油公司和MGT于1990年共同开展的在蒙古的为期七个月的野外工作。这次野外工作利用了前苏联和蒙古50年代后绘制的地表地质图。这些图件在西方并未广泛使用,但却是本文颇有价值的资料来源。本文大多数地层单元和名称都基于这些图件,因而有些术语的使用前后不一致,如“早”对“下”,“晚”对“上”。
The People’s Republic of Mongolia is a Central Asian country composed of two million square kilometers of grasslands, deserts and mountains (Figures 2 and 3). The country, experiencing the extreme Central Asian continent climate with low rainfall and humidity, usually has temperatures as high as 40 ° C in summer and -40 ° C in winter. In some areas of the southern desert, summer surface temperatures can reach 70 ° C, while in most of the region from late September to mid-March, temperatures are below 0 ° C. Due to the remoteness, the data are not easy to obtain, but also because of the isolation from history in the history, the Mongolian geology is rarely recorded in the western literature. The pioneering work done by Berkey and Morris (1927) is still the single most important source of data in English records, although of course there have been some recent reviews, mainly in Russian and Chinese. Recent changes in the former Soviet Union and Mongolia have enabled Western geologists to gain access to remote parts of the country. This article is a synthesis of 15 months of research work, including a seven-month field work in Mongolia jointly conducted by BP, Mongolia’s National Oil Company and MGT in 1990. The fieldwork utilized surface geology maps drawn up by the former Soviet Union and Mongolia after the 1950s. These maps are not widely used in the West, but it is a valuable source of information for this article. Most of the stratigraphic units and names in this paper are based on these maps, so some terms are inconsistent before and after, such as “early” versus “next” and “late” versus “last”.