Two?Year Follow?up on Laparoscopic Three?Dimensional Printed Extravascular Stent Placement for Poste

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To the Editor: Posterior nutcracker syndrome (PNS) is a condition caused by compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the vertebral column and the aorta (AO). Open surgery with LRV transposition has usually been recommended for patients with PNS.[1?4] However, existing surgical means of treatment are not sufficiently safe, effective, or minimally invasive. Here, we present one case of PNS treated with three?dimensional (3D) printed extravascular stent placement using laparoscopy.
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