The evidence of human activities around Erhai Lake catchment was revealed by pollen records from a sedi- ment core in the lake, northwest Yunnan Province. The 14 chronologic sequence based on AMS C data made it possi- ble for pollen results to compare with archaeological records and historical documents. The preliminary deforestation started from the selective clearance at about 5500 C a BP, 14 marked by the loss of vertically distributed montane forest and the expansion of second pine woodland across the catchment. The deforestation resulted in the increase of sur- face runoff and the enhanced erosion in the catchment. The increased herbs of pasture and crop suggested the primitive agriculture and stockbreeding in study region. With the lim- ited human activity, as well as the suitable climatic condition, second pine forest expanded quickly, resulting in the weak- ened soil erosion around the basin. The strong forest clear- ance inferred from pollen occurred since 2160 C a BP, par- 14 alleling to the first dense immigration of population, when Yeyu County was first set up around west coast of Erhai Lake, documented in historic record. The development of agriculture led to the steady enhancement of soil erosion from farming land, increasing the input of fine materials and nutrients to the lake. Moreover, the serious deforestation by human activity stressed the vulnerability in ecosystem of the landscape. The time of primary anthropologic impact re- corded from pollen is earlier than that of the oldest archaeo- logical record by 1500 a (14C year). The evidence of human activities around Erhai Lake catchment was revealed by pollen records from a sediment core in the lake, northwest Yunnan Province. The 14 chronologic sequence based on AMS C data made it posi- ble for pollen results to compare with archaeological records and historical documents. The preliminary deforestation started from the selective clearance at about 5500 C a BP, 14 marked by the loss of vertically distributed montane forest and the expansion of second pine woodland across the catchment. The deforestation resulted in the increase of sur- face runoff and the enhanced erosion in the catchment. The increased herbs of pasture and crop suggested the primitive agriculture and stockbreeding in study region. With the lim-ited human activity, as well as the suitable climatic condition, second pine forest expanded quickly, resulting in the weak-ened soil erosion around the basin. The strong forest clear- ance inferred from pollen occurred since 2160 C a BP, par- 14 alleling to the first dense immigration of population, when Yeyu County was first set up around west coast of Erhai Lake, documented in historic record. The development of agriculture led to the steady enhancement of soil erosion from farming land, increasing the input of fine materials and nutrients to the lake. Moreover, the serious deforestation by human activity stressed the vulnerability in ecosystem of the landscape. The time of primary anthropologic impact- corded from pollen is earlier than that of the oldest archaeo - logical record by 1500 a (14C year).