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学术研究有两种基本思维:(1)“分”析思维,它基于特定前提假设进行形式逻辑推理;(2)综“合”思维,它基于对不同侧面的分析思维及其相关认知的契合。相应地,就形成两类基本科学命题:(1)由“分”析思维得出分析命题,它注重逻辑一致性;(2)由综“合”思维获得综合命题,它主张理论与现实的一致性。进而在“分”析路线中,假设前提改变往往会带来完全新颖的结论,这就产生了“革命性”学说;但同时,这种学说只是基于特定视角和假设而忽视其他,从而就具有片面性。相反,在综“合”路线中,各种不同侧面的学说被嵌合在统一框架下,从而产生了“综合性”学说;但同时,各种不同的思维和假设往往很难有机统一起来,从而就具有逻辑模糊性。在经济学说史中,可以清楚地看到两类学说的存在,如斯密和穆勒的学说就属于综合性学说,而弗里德曼和卢卡斯的学说则属于革命性学说。对学说特性的区分,有助于更好地认识两类学说的理论和实践价值,进而更全面地审视当前流行的经济学说。
There are two kinds of basic thinking in academic research: (1) “sub” analysis of thinking, which is based on the specific premise hypothesis for formal logic reasoning; (2) comprehensive “co- ” thinking, which is based on the different sides of the analytical thinking and its Related cognitive fit. Accordingly, two types of basic scientific propositions are formed: (1) Analytic propositions are derived from the “” “divination” thinking, which emphasizes logical consistency; (2) Synthetic propositions are obtained from the “integration” The consistency of theory and reality. Furthermore, in the “” “analysis ” line, assuming that the change of premise often leads to completely novel conclusions, this results in a “revolutionary” theory; at the same time, however, this theory merely ignores others based on specific perspectives and assumptions , Which is one-sided. On the contrary, in the comprehensive “integration” course, the theories of different sides are embedded in a unified framework, resulting in a “comprehensive” theory; however, at the same time, different kinds of thinking and assumptions are often difficult Organic unity, which has a logical ambiguity. In the history of economics, we can clearly see the existence of two types of doctrine, such as Smith and Mill’s doctrine belong to the comprehensive theory, and Friedman and Lucas doctrine belong to the revolutionary doctrine. The distinction between the characteristics of the doctrine helps to better understand the theoretical and practical values of the two types of doctrine and then examine the prevailing economic theory more fully.