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Abstract：According to the English version of the passage mainly talked about the cause and the solutions of the Problem assets from banks，here this paper is an analysis on lexical of the English version based on Nida’s Function Equivalence Theory to the target text.There will be a brief introduction of the theory and a comparison between the original text and the target text.This paper is mainly analyzed the lexical of the two versions.Through this，It was concluded that the differences of wording in two versions.
Key words：Function Equivalence Theory； Nida； roblem assets from banks； lexical
1 Introduction
This passage is chosen from the book，the theory and practice of non-literary translation，which is based on the lecture notes used by the author in teaching Chinese and English translation courses at the Advanced Translation Institute of Beijing Foreign Studies University from 1999 to 2001.The book is a very specific non-literal piece in the history of translation.It has accumulated many methods of translation both in China and other foreign countries.And it can be used widely and is suit for all works.The passage is some of a speech on a seminar in Shenyang.The speaker is an administration of a construction in Liaoning.The listeners are both from China and Britain.This passage chose here is mainly talked about the problem assets of banks and it can be regarded as a commercial editorial.In the Chinese version，or in another word，the original script，there are many words used as native languages，but some changed a lot when translating into English.
2 Literature review
In 1969，it is the first time to propose the term Functional Equivalence Theory in the book on the Principle of Translation by Eugene A.Nida，the American famous outstanding theorist.“Functional Equivalence” refers to the achievement of equivalence on the function between two languages，original language and target language.The first phrase is in the publication of the book The Theory and Practice of Translation by Eugene A.Nida in 1969.In his book，the concept of Dynamic Equivalence was known by the public.In the theory，Nida holds that reader response is an indispensable element which should be taken into action.
The second period is in the publication of Eugene A.Nida and Jan De Warrd’s book From One Language to Another in 1986.In his book，Nida firstly proposed the term of Functional Equivalence.Nida thinks that “Basically Dynamic Equivalence has been described in terms of Functional Equivalence.The translation has been defined on the basis that the receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such all extent that they can understand how the original receptors must have understood the original text.”（Nida.1986.p.103） The final stage is in the publication of Nida’s book Language，Culture and Translating in 1993.He puts forward that Functional Equivalence has the minimal and maximal levels.He points out that the minimal level of Functional Equivalence Theory refers to “The reader of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciate it”（Nida.1993.p.118）.The maximal level of the Functional Equivalence is defined as“the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did” （Nida.1993.p.118）.
3 Analysis
3.1 General analysis to the passage
This speech is mainly talked about the problems and the solutions of financial crisis in Asia.What kind of measures ought to e taken out and how to urge the situation from worse.
3.1.1 Introduction of translated text
First，here comes the question that if the foreigners can understand the meaning of a good bank.But when use functional equivalence to translate these words，one must be careful to show the original meaning of the word to transfer the precise meaning and avoid to add some extra implications on them，for which may cause misunderstandings.The English version of the original text is mainly talked about the problems assets from banks and the development of the banks after the financial crisis.
3.1.2 Introduction of language features
It is separated from other ordinary language and become relatively independent application language.Using simple words to reflected its complicated meaning，the English version is a practical text with high practice value which has it unique language charm.It use specific words to arouse people’s great interest for its wording and appealing power.The wording in the target text is oral，simple，popular words and slang which can be easily remembered by audiences.In view of this，the target people may focus on the original text.And which is also Nida said“The reader of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciate it.”Hence，the first step is to understand the text thoroughly.The main information of this text and then keep on exploring the deep meaning it tries to show the readers or the listeners.The second item is the solution of the problems and the expectations of the future banks.We can find that there are many words appeared repeatedly in this passage.When converted them into English，some points must be carefully take into consideration.Like“銀行不良资产”.After these steps and analyze to this passage，the work can be start. 3.2 Specific analysis to the passage
After many work of preparations for translation.Here it comes to the thing will be discussed in this paper.
3.2.1 Lexical Features
The level of Lexical is very important to distinguish languages.Different words will bring the diverse meaning and tone for the articles.Therefore， in order to convey the essence of the original text.In China，people always say things like “好银行”，but when definite “好”may according to specific situations.Like it here means that a bank get out of the financial crisis and can take the chance to make some development or make great progress in the future.Moreover，these words can make the text more vividly and lively.The aim of these words is to transfer some information to the audiences.Here，the word “good” is related to the Chinese character“好”，which give the information that the objective of the bank is to grasp the chance to change the pattern of its management and then it will become a good bank.It emphasis the “good ”here is also to indicate the economy is developing to a good expectations.And also，it can be regarded as a bank with great economic power.Functional Equivalence refers to the achievement of equivalence on the function between two languages，original language and target language.It is not only to transfer the intention of the speaker，but also to exchange some information between each other.The audiences are both Chinese and English，they have different cultural and social background.To express the meaning precisely is really necessary.When translate it one must rely on the common sense and try every means to let the other know the information.
3.2.2 Comparison of vocabulary in two versions
The specific analysis of the lexical translation in this text is important，especially when compare with the English version.Here is a analysis between the two versions based on the vocabulary.It will be discussed from verbs，conjunction，and nouns in the texts.
3.2.2.1 Verb
The word“入世”means to get into the new century，which can also be understood that China has already get rid of the old pattern and be ready to start a new century as a good bank，a bank be able to compete in the WTO environment.It can be explained like this is mainly according to the circumstances.Otherwise，it will contained other meanings like get the customs of some place.About this，the thought is reasonable and acceptable——Basically Dynamic Equivalence has been described in terms of Functional Equivalence.The translation has been defined on the basis that the receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such all extent that they can understand how the original receptors must have understood the original text.“剝离”here means get rid of the bad assets，“跨入”is the way that found by some banks to grasp the good chance to develop into a good bank.Then it is suitable to translate it as“get into”.“着眼于”means the banks are emphasis on doing something.They are struggling to become strong enough to face with the challenges in the future，hence they have to make plans and lay out an anchor to whirlwind.“甩” used here to show that the banks are tried to abandoned the troubles appeared long before.This word here can vividly describe the situation that banks are facing with.These words with equal meanings in the two versions when based on Functional Equivalence theory.Monosyllabic verbs are the most common verb in advertising English because of its conciseness，vividness and readability.G.N.Leech （1966：153）listed the most frequently and commonly used verbs.Some of the words referred here are belonged to the commonly used words. 3.2.2.2 Conjunction
Conjunction is very important in a text.It is used to connect the words，phrases and sentences.Chinese is extensive and profound.Sometimes a character can be understand with several definitions.In the original text，conjunctions like“和，并，那么，但”etc，are translated without repetition in the target text“and，as well，but，since”.There is nothing to do with the structures but the relative of the sentences.The text is formal and used to transfer the information to the audiences.
3.2.2.3 Noun
In this part，the nouns in two texts will be analyzed by the theory of Nida.Some words can be translated with their abbreviations for they are known all around the world.These words in this passage in mainly WTO，CBC，NPL，AMC and so on.Each of them with the specific meanings as WTO refers to the worldwide Trade Organization.
For the sense relation of words，there are three types，and those are synonymy，antonym and hyponymy.In this passage，it is mainly talked about the fairs of the banks，and the use of words are related to economic editorials.Formal equivalence is often more goal than reality，if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language.In such cases，a more dynamic translation may be used or a neologism may be created in the target language to represent the concept （sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language）.When account to this，the word like“大政策”can not only be translated like big politics.But given a more correct meaning like some necessary politics methods or the politics used to take charge of something.In this passage，it can understand like the measures to control the situation at present and take out some ways to solve the problem after financial crisis.The more the source language differs from the target language，the more difficult it may be to understand a literal translation without modifying or rearranging the words in the target language.On the other hand，formal equivalence can allow readers familiar with the source language to analyze how meaning was expressed in the original text，preserving untranslated idioms，rhetorical devices（such as摒棄不良资产的包袱，还……旧债，国家不允许国有商业银行遁词……面对全球化，国际竞争的重大战略选择，国家不得不“破釜沉舟”，吧国有商业银行推向国际金融市场，促使其在“好银行”的角逐中挣得一席之地，以稳固中国金融的阵脚）and diction in order to preserve original information and highlight finer shades of meaning.Thus，the purpose of the author and of the translator：to give information on both form and content； to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message； for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation.It focuses attention on the message itself，in both form and content.When comes to the words in this sentence like包袱，遁词，角逐can be explained successively as baggage，chicanery，juggle for a competition.But here within this passage it can be comprehended like a burden on economy which has negative effects on banks，conceal the truth，chase after something like commercial competitions in the world.Then comes to the culture-specific items，idiom and figurative language to achieve an understanding of the source text and embark upon creating a translation which not only transfers what words mean in a given context，but also recreates the impact of the original text within the limits of the translator’s own language system.“破釜沉舟”in China used to means to break the caldrons and sink the boats，while in this sentence it is used to describe the hard decision made by the government because there is no any other choice. 4 Conclusion
This paper aims at the analysis of the lexical in two versions of the Management of Bank Problem Assets.From the analysis，it is found that Functional Equivalence Theory of Eugene A.Nida is effective and feasible for the translation of problem assets of banks，and several translation methods and strategies for this passage are based on Functional Equivalence，such as the level of lexical.And according to the level of lexical，it also shows the cultural differences.The wording in the two texts is distinguished from each other when take culture and social background into consideration.
参考文献：
[1]Felber，Stefan.Kommunikative Bibelübersetzung.Eugene A.Nida und sein Modell derdynamischen ?quivalenz，Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft，Stuttgart 2013，2nd edition 2016，pp.481.
[2]Ma，H.J.（2003）.A study of Nida’s translation theory.Beijing：Teaching and Research Press.
[3]Nida，Eugene.A.（2004）.“Principles of Correspondence”.The Translation Studies Reader.Ed.
[4]Lawrence Venuti.London：Routledge.
[5]Nida，Eugene.A.（1969）.CR Taber.The Theory and Practice of Translation[M].
[6]胡壯麟.语言学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2006.
[7]李长栓.非文学翻译理论与实践[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2005.
Key words：Function Equivalence Theory； Nida； roblem assets from banks； lexical
1 Introduction
This passage is chosen from the book，the theory and practice of non-literary translation，which is based on the lecture notes used by the author in teaching Chinese and English translation courses at the Advanced Translation Institute of Beijing Foreign Studies University from 1999 to 2001.The book is a very specific non-literal piece in the history of translation.It has accumulated many methods of translation both in China and other foreign countries.And it can be used widely and is suit for all works.The passage is some of a speech on a seminar in Shenyang.The speaker is an administration of a construction in Liaoning.The listeners are both from China and Britain.This passage chose here is mainly talked about the problem assets of banks and it can be regarded as a commercial editorial.In the Chinese version，or in another word，the original script，there are many words used as native languages，but some changed a lot when translating into English.
2 Literature review
In 1969，it is the first time to propose the term Functional Equivalence Theory in the book on the Principle of Translation by Eugene A.Nida，the American famous outstanding theorist.“Functional Equivalence” refers to the achievement of equivalence on the function between two languages，original language and target language.The first phrase is in the publication of the book The Theory and Practice of Translation by Eugene A.Nida in 1969.In his book，the concept of Dynamic Equivalence was known by the public.In the theory，Nida holds that reader response is an indispensable element which should be taken into action.
The second period is in the publication of Eugene A.Nida and Jan De Warrd’s book From One Language to Another in 1986.In his book，Nida firstly proposed the term of Functional Equivalence.Nida thinks that “Basically Dynamic Equivalence has been described in terms of Functional Equivalence.The translation has been defined on the basis that the receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such all extent that they can understand how the original receptors must have understood the original text.”（Nida.1986.p.103） The final stage is in the publication of Nida’s book Language，Culture and Translating in 1993.He puts forward that Functional Equivalence has the minimal and maximal levels.He points out that the minimal level of Functional Equivalence Theory refers to “The reader of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciate it”（Nida.1993.p.118）.The maximal level of the Functional Equivalence is defined as“the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did” （Nida.1993.p.118）.
3 Analysis
3.1 General analysis to the passage
This speech is mainly talked about the problems and the solutions of financial crisis in Asia.What kind of measures ought to e taken out and how to urge the situation from worse.
3.1.1 Introduction of translated text
First，here comes the question that if the foreigners can understand the meaning of a good bank.But when use functional equivalence to translate these words，one must be careful to show the original meaning of the word to transfer the precise meaning and avoid to add some extra implications on them，for which may cause misunderstandings.The English version of the original text is mainly talked about the problems assets from banks and the development of the banks after the financial crisis.
3.1.2 Introduction of language features
It is separated from other ordinary language and become relatively independent application language.Using simple words to reflected its complicated meaning，the English version is a practical text with high practice value which has it unique language charm.It use specific words to arouse people’s great interest for its wording and appealing power.The wording in the target text is oral，simple，popular words and slang which can be easily remembered by audiences.In view of this，the target people may focus on the original text.And which is also Nida said“The reader of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciate it.”Hence，the first step is to understand the text thoroughly.The main information of this text and then keep on exploring the deep meaning it tries to show the readers or the listeners.The second item is the solution of the problems and the expectations of the future banks.We can find that there are many words appeared repeatedly in this passage.When converted them into English，some points must be carefully take into consideration.Like“銀行不良资产”.After these steps and analyze to this passage，the work can be start. 3.2 Specific analysis to the passage
After many work of preparations for translation.Here it comes to the thing will be discussed in this paper.
3.2.1 Lexical Features
The level of Lexical is very important to distinguish languages.Different words will bring the diverse meaning and tone for the articles.Therefore， in order to convey the essence of the original text.In China，people always say things like “好银行”，but when definite “好”may according to specific situations.Like it here means that a bank get out of the financial crisis and can take the chance to make some development or make great progress in the future.Moreover，these words can make the text more vividly and lively.The aim of these words is to transfer some information to the audiences.Here，the word “good” is related to the Chinese character“好”，which give the information that the objective of the bank is to grasp the chance to change the pattern of its management and then it will become a good bank.It emphasis the “good ”here is also to indicate the economy is developing to a good expectations.And also，it can be regarded as a bank with great economic power.Functional Equivalence refers to the achievement of equivalence on the function between two languages，original language and target language.It is not only to transfer the intention of the speaker，but also to exchange some information between each other.The audiences are both Chinese and English，they have different cultural and social background.To express the meaning precisely is really necessary.When translate it one must rely on the common sense and try every means to let the other know the information.
3.2.2 Comparison of vocabulary in two versions
The specific analysis of the lexical translation in this text is important，especially when compare with the English version.Here is a analysis between the two versions based on the vocabulary.It will be discussed from verbs，conjunction，and nouns in the texts.
3.2.2.1 Verb
The word“入世”means to get into the new century，which can also be understood that China has already get rid of the old pattern and be ready to start a new century as a good bank，a bank be able to compete in the WTO environment.It can be explained like this is mainly according to the circumstances.Otherwise，it will contained other meanings like get the customs of some place.About this，the thought is reasonable and acceptable——Basically Dynamic Equivalence has been described in terms of Functional Equivalence.The translation has been defined on the basis that the receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such all extent that they can understand how the original receptors must have understood the original text.“剝离”here means get rid of the bad assets，“跨入”is the way that found by some banks to grasp the good chance to develop into a good bank.Then it is suitable to translate it as“get into”.“着眼于”means the banks are emphasis on doing something.They are struggling to become strong enough to face with the challenges in the future，hence they have to make plans and lay out an anchor to whirlwind.“甩” used here to show that the banks are tried to abandoned the troubles appeared long before.This word here can vividly describe the situation that banks are facing with.These words with equal meanings in the two versions when based on Functional Equivalence theory.Monosyllabic verbs are the most common verb in advertising English because of its conciseness，vividness and readability.G.N.Leech （1966：153）listed the most frequently and commonly used verbs.Some of the words referred here are belonged to the commonly used words. 3.2.2.2 Conjunction
Conjunction is very important in a text.It is used to connect the words，phrases and sentences.Chinese is extensive and profound.Sometimes a character can be understand with several definitions.In the original text，conjunctions like“和，并，那么，但”etc，are translated without repetition in the target text“and，as well，but，since”.There is nothing to do with the structures but the relative of the sentences.The text is formal and used to transfer the information to the audiences.
3.2.2.3 Noun
In this part，the nouns in two texts will be analyzed by the theory of Nida.Some words can be translated with their abbreviations for they are known all around the world.These words in this passage in mainly WTO，CBC，NPL，AMC and so on.Each of them with the specific meanings as WTO refers to the worldwide Trade Organization.
For the sense relation of words，there are three types，and those are synonymy，antonym and hyponymy.In this passage，it is mainly talked about the fairs of the banks，and the use of words are related to economic editorials.Formal equivalence is often more goal than reality，if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language.In such cases，a more dynamic translation may be used or a neologism may be created in the target language to represent the concept （sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language）.When account to this，the word like“大政策”can not only be translated like big politics.But given a more correct meaning like some necessary politics methods or the politics used to take charge of something.In this passage，it can understand like the measures to control the situation at present and take out some ways to solve the problem after financial crisis.The more the source language differs from the target language，the more difficult it may be to understand a literal translation without modifying or rearranging the words in the target language.On the other hand，formal equivalence can allow readers familiar with the source language to analyze how meaning was expressed in the original text，preserving untranslated idioms，rhetorical devices（such as摒棄不良资产的包袱，还……旧债，国家不允许国有商业银行遁词……面对全球化，国际竞争的重大战略选择，国家不得不“破釜沉舟”，吧国有商业银行推向国际金融市场，促使其在“好银行”的角逐中挣得一席之地，以稳固中国金融的阵脚）and diction in order to preserve original information and highlight finer shades of meaning.Thus，the purpose of the author and of the translator：to give information on both form and content； to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message； for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation.It focuses attention on the message itself，in both form and content.When comes to the words in this sentence like包袱，遁词，角逐can be explained successively as baggage，chicanery，juggle for a competition.But here within this passage it can be comprehended like a burden on economy which has negative effects on banks，conceal the truth，chase after something like commercial competitions in the world.Then comes to the culture-specific items，idiom and figurative language to achieve an understanding of the source text and embark upon creating a translation which not only transfers what words mean in a given context，but also recreates the impact of the original text within the limits of the translator’s own language system.“破釜沉舟”in China used to means to break the caldrons and sink the boats，while in this sentence it is used to describe the hard decision made by the government because there is no any other choice. 4 Conclusion
This paper aims at the analysis of the lexical in two versions of the Management of Bank Problem Assets.From the analysis，it is found that Functional Equivalence Theory of Eugene A.Nida is effective and feasible for the translation of problem assets of banks，and several translation methods and strategies for this passage are based on Functional Equivalence，such as the level of lexical.And according to the level of lexical，it also shows the cultural differences.The wording in the two texts is distinguished from each other when take culture and social background into consideration.
参考文献：
[1]Felber，Stefan.Kommunikative Bibelübersetzung.Eugene A.Nida und sein Modell derdynamischen ?quivalenz，Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft，Stuttgart 2013，2nd edition 2016，pp.481.
[2]Ma，H.J.（2003）.A study of Nida’s translation theory.Beijing：Teaching and Research Press.
[3]Nida，Eugene.A.（2004）.“Principles of Correspondence”.The Translation Studies Reader.Ed.
[4]Lawrence Venuti.London：Routledge.
[5]Nida，Eugene.A.（1969）.CR Taber.The Theory and Practice of Translation[M].
[6]胡壯麟.语言学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2006.
[7]李长栓.非文学翻译理论与实践[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2005.