当19世纪中叶中国遭遇到西方的挑战而被迫向西方开放时,清王朝又面临了太平天国及其他反对力量的冲击。与18-19世纪之交全国各地此伏彼起的反清力量不同的是,太平天国建立起长达十几年与清王朝分庭抗礼的政权,在清王朝拼死自保的挣扎中,军事权力前所未有地落到了南方汉族政治势力手中,这导致晚清上层统治集团的权力再分配斗争更加错综复杂化,在脆弱的满汉共治体制下勉强维持的上层统治集团由此分裂。笼罩在满汉矛盾背景下的上层 When China was challenged by the West in the middle of the 19th century and was forced to open to the West, the Qing dynasty faced the Taiping and other opposition forces. Unlike the anti-qing forces in the entire 18-18 centuries across the country, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established a political power that resisted rivalry with the Qing dynasty for a dozen years. In an unprecedented struggle against self-preservation in the Qing dynasty, the military power was unprecedented Fell into the hands of the southern Han Chinese political forces, which led to a more complicated struggle for the redistribution of power by the ruling party in the late Qing Dynasty and the division of the upper ruling blocs that were barely maintained under the fragile Communist-Han co-governance system. Enveloped in the context of Man contradictions in the upper