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【摘 要】随着网络的快速发展,越来越多的人通过网络进行交流,因此网络用语逐渐流行起来。本文介绍了几类常见的网络语言的表达形式,并从社会语言学角度分析网络用语的成因和影响。同时本文还指出,我们针对网络语言这项新的语言种类,应该制定相应的规范对其进行引导,以促进网络语言的健康发展。
【关键词】网络语言 社会语言学 表达 规范
【中图分类号】H08【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1006-9682(2009)11-0029-03
【Abstract】With the fast development of network, more and more people communicate through Internet.Consequently, network language gradually becomes popular. This thesis analyzes the ways of expression of network language and its influence from the aspect of sociolinguistics. This thesis points out that as we are facing the new kind of language-network language, we should build some laws or rules to guide its development, from which network language can develop more healthily.
【Key words】Network language Social linguistics Expression Standardize
With the development of the information age, people increasingly rely on communication networks. According to China Internet Network Information Center data show that more than ten thousand millions people usually on line. It has such a huge crowd to use the internet, the network that there are a variety of network is not surprising that the phenomenon of language. Broadly speaking, the network for network communication language can refer to all areas of language. But at the narrow speaking, language mainly refers to the network for online communities, the language of communication used, such as language in the internet chat rooms, BBS, QICQ, QQ, MSN, and so on. This article discusses mainly within the meaning of a narrow sense-the network language.
1.some ways of expression of network language
Network communication, in order to tap the keyboard to save time, but also in order to highlight individual, people usually use some new kinds of way to express in language.
(1)Abbreviations used
As the relatively fast pace of online chat, fast-paced in some cases, signs should be taken(Non-verbal signs)to display information. Abbreviations are to compress the necessary information can be immediately in contact with the moment to understand.[1] Also there are some kinds of abbreviations.
1)Omitted part of the word
We use some part of a word to represent the whole word. When people see the simplified one as the completed word, and all of us understand the meaning.
Ex. Tel(telephone), Add(Address), Info(Information)
2)Omit the vowel part of the word
When we typing out the word on the keyboard, the pronunciation is not changed. We should read these words as the ones which are not omitted the vowel part.
Ex. ppl(people), ftbl(football)
3)Morpheme changes
To change the spelling of the word in a certain part.[2] This form makes the spelling more briefly.
Ex. wot-what, tks-thanks.
4)First letter of the condensation
If we want to write a sentence, we can only give the fist letter. But these sentences are not the general, only some specials, or these ones which we often use.
Ex. AFASICS: As Far As I Can See; ASAP: As Soon As Possible; BFF: Best Friends Forever; DND: Do Not Disturb; GFU: Good for You; NP: No Problem
Add: some Chinese words in pinyin simplified form. Ex. MM stands for female, GG stands for male, BT stands for metamorphosis (biantai),[3] and so on.
(2)Digital symbol
The use of digital symbols, is not only a major feature of the network of language, but also contemporary social life, the concrete embodiment of the digital.Ex.555555 stands for cry, 520 stands for love, 88 stands for Goodbye.
And there are some special-Language Assimilation. People from different countries use different languages. But at some time of interaction, they use the same form to express the meaning, such as 4 stands for “for”.[4]
(3)Use of special symbols
The use of special symbols can make the network become lively and interesting. Different people with different personalities use their own symbols in communication, especially we use in QQ, QICQ, MSN. Through these emoticons symbols, our expression becomes much more lively. In usually time, the more outgoing personality, the higher the pragmatic competence.[5]For communicating more clearly, these ones like use more symbols at the last of sentences. Ex. “:)” stands for happy, “-D” stands for laughing, “:(” stands for unhappy, “-C” stands for quite unhappy, and so on.
And some times, keyboard symbols can be expressed as a special meaning. Ex. “#” stands for no comment, “&” stands for and.
(4)Using hybrid method
This way is to mix two words to be one. This new word stands for another meaning, or makes the sentences briefly. At some times, this one word has the same meaning as a sentence. The linguistic context is another aspect of contextualism. It is concerned only with the probability of one word’s co-occurrence or collocation with anther, which forms part of the “meaning”, and an important factor in communication.[6] There are two ways:
1)Mix two English words to be one. Eg. Modem comes from Modulator and Demodulator.
2)Mix the English word and the number. Eg. b4 stands for before, f2f stands for face to face, 10q stands for thank you.
These expressions are usually authorized by customs. Almost everyone use these words on line. And this form is familiar by all people who usually use the internet. With this form, people creat new words. With the development of the times, a number of new words are created. And more and more people are accustomed to use these words.
(5)A New Interpretation of the old word
In the network language, old words are often given new meaning. And with the thought, we can define an old word to new meaning. Usually, people in the chat process as needed to select the language. The fact is that people of the word have been communicating over the centuries and that there have been radical changes of world-views within languages.[7] And there are also word-activity. Usually from “n.” to “v.”
Ex. Hosts owner of a house-Webmaster
Boot a strong outer covering for the foot-kick out these persons who are not popular in the chat room.
Poof the sound of blowing out candles-leave the chat room
To sum up, we can see the network has several points: first, network language exchange with the abbreviated way, it emphasis on speed and efficiency of communication. We can save time and effort though this way; Second, some sign language go into network language for standing out personality, focus on innovation; the third, network language stresses that the digital, visualize. These words are convenient and efficient, and reflect the fast-food culture.
Network language has its own unique characteristics, and also has the characteristics of a general definition of language. At the first, network Language fully reflected in the arbitrary nature of linguistic, and the form of linguistic symbols and the significance of the expression have no natural link. At the same time, network Language also reflects well the statute. The Internet users are in the specific network conditions to create a fixed network of prescriptive language. At the second, network language through language has the advantages of the second floor, it has automatically productivity. The language use a large number of words to make up a mount of new sentences, and these sentences make up a mount of discourses. Eg. FAQ means frequently answer question. At the third, network language fully reflects the creativity of language. The use of words through new ways to express the new meaning, and the new words can be understood by these people who are the first time to see these words. There are many examples: BF-boy friend, CUL-see you later. With the times goes by, network languages should advance with the times, many news words come out though the change of the way of life.[8] We usually find out these new words in network language at the first time.
Ex. prositot means the kids with nice clothes, they look like stars.
Squares means cigarettes.
Download means accompanied.
2.the influence from the aspect of sociolinguistics
From the view of social linguistics, we can find out the origin of network language and its inflection of the influence. We live in the information age, and often get touch with computer. Our work and life always need the Internet. There are several ways of network language coming out.
(1)Net news
The network is so advanced, almost everything can be find in Internet. There are a large number of news to be uploaded at each time. And much news be write by network language cause of people used to understand. With the time goes by, this habit is saved. Then, more and more people are used to read news in network language. Cause of this language is always easily understood. And these ones who are first read that expression can know what the news said, and feel it more lively and interesting.
(2)computer games
Computer games has a large customer base cause of it is computer-based media, and network carrier. That is the words in the games can be get the resonance by users. Such as “PK” stands for competition or comparative, “personality” stands for fortune. And there is a trend, the youth who like network games can use the network language which in net games. And this phenomenon is more and more universalized and lowering ages.
(3)entertainment shows
Entertainment shows give out many network languages. The innovation words often come from these programs. The well-known U.S. television Super Ido gives us a word-fans(these people who like star very much), and it becomes each one’s habit. At this time, almost everyone knows what it means. In China, there is a very famous entertainment program Super Girl gives out many new words, such as “corn” stands for the fans of Li Yuchun, “bento” stands for the fans of He Jie. Then, there are many words stands for new meaning, such as “litchi”, “ice cream” “mesona”, and so on. These new words introduce new elements into network language.
(4)Cartoons
Cartoons also do many contributions to network language. Especially many foreign cartoon programs give us a lot of new words and expressions. Such as the number “555555” stands for the sound of crying, and “zzzzzz” stands for crying or snoring in network language.
People who like chat in Internet play an important role in creating and developing new words in network language. These people are almost youth, and they have a strong ability to innovate and rich imagination. The most important is that they prefer to accept new things. In another side, Internet users who chat on line are based on the experience of chatting at the last time. The layman often make mistake to understand their language. For example, 007 is the appellation from the movie, but it stands for “I have a secret to tell you”, “10” stands for perfect, it comes from the explanation of Chinese culture. These changes are coming out with the time by Internet users, more and more. On the other hand, they do a great contribution to social linguistics. The Internet is a side of change in social life. In the history of social development, people’s activity makes some affection to language. Although this time, the appearance of Internet is a huge change in human’s language.[9] At the last time, a feudal emperor couldn’t let one word to be popular all over the world. Today, a new language phenomenon can be accepted by everyone who is on line at the first time. People who chat on line are usually to tap the keyboard input through the words and letters to communicate. For saving time, the users always give the error words on line, and not make it to be right. When each one uses these error words, all users understand the meaning, then, everyone do as this. And there is another case, some users give the error words on purpose for they like that way to express, and they think the words looked lovely. Third, some youth like to learn the new words, of course, they think these are interesting, and right, or fashion. Their behavior is something like the language acquisition. There are process of development was explained as the result of inductive strategies operating on the input data.[10] More and more people use these words.
Ex. Prawns stands for Heroes, it means the users who go to on line a long years, sometimes like the predecessor.
Mottled bamboo means Moderators.
3.Responses
The face of the raging network language, many people expressed concerns about it. Teachers are worried that the network will affect the language specification language teaching; and parents complain that the gap between children and them grew deeper and deeper because of the emergence of network language exchange with each other more and more difficulties. There are some linguists, warning that the network is likely to overturn the traditional language. However, the network language is truly frightening as these people say?
We must be recognized that network language has its own peculiarities, such as the rapid spread of online media through the use of the lack of standardized network virtual space for arbitrary changes. Compared with the conventional language, network language flexible, novel, simple, vivid, humor and so on. At first time, it was primarily to improve the efficiency of on-line chatting and approach taken by the passage of time on the formation of a specific language, meet people, especially young people novelty seeks unconventional psychological. Therefore, this particular network language media in the network to become an effective communication tool, are within a certain range of established and accepted linguistic phenomenon. However, due to the current network model of language has been out of the network, are downloaded to the daily lives. Especially the young students, even in the diaries and writing the words used in the network. I find a sentence in my niece’s diary: She deceive me, TMD,7456(she pissed me off.)
At another side, we can not deny that the network is still a language, and it has general features. Any language has the capacity to constantly renew itself in changing society, and it can be get essence, get off its dregs in the process. That is to say, we do not have to be overly concerned about network language would affect the normal development of other languages. On the network language itself, we have a need to establish appropriate systems and rules to guide it toward to healthy development. Network language is now undergoing a long process of natural selection, some of which word people gradually recognized, accepted, while others were soon forgotten. The survived words of people will be assigned a regular dictionary as part of a standard terminology. I believe the near future, for the network language linguistic research will serve as the language of a new discipline emerged.
4.Conclusion
There is no doubt that web-based forum for the dissemination of network language plays an important role, but also to a large extent enriched networking language. And thus have language experts pointed out: as the mode of transmission of the special nature of online forums, web forums are more representative of the vocabulary used by the network characteristics of the language, not in today’s society is usually considered to network online chatting to those used by the language, because Internet chat is still a certain extent, retained the everyday interpersonal communication and mass communication commonality. Network Language is essentially a special kind of vocabulary, as the language of building materials, vocabulary a major factor in the full language, and when the development of society. When a direct impact on the evolution of language and vocabulary is often bear the brunt of the impact of social development. Stalin had clearly pointed out: “Language, the main is its vocabulary, are in a state of almost constant change. The continuous development of industry and agriculture, commerce and transport the continuous development of the continuous technological and scientific development, requiring language with an operational need for new words and new words to enrich its vocabulary, language, also a direct reflection of this need, to enrich themselves with new vocabulary words and improve their grammar structure.” Language often used by the network of people, the young students occupied a considerable proportion. Thus, understanding and reasonable treatment of the network language, to become a moral imperative for our educators.
References
1 陈 原.术语和缩略语的社会作用[M].商务印书馆,2004
2 陈 芙、黄海军、孙元元.英汉网络语言分析[J].安徽职业技术学院学报,2008(3)
3 杨永林.社会语言学研究:文化•色彩•思维篇[M].高等教育出版社,2004
4 游汝杰、邹嘉彦.语言同化和文化同化[M].复旦大学出版社,2004
5 李 民、陈新仁.英语专业学生性格类型与语法、语用能力及其意识程度研究[J].外语教学与研究,2009(2)
6 胡壮麟、刘润清.语言学教程[M].北京大学出版社,2001
7 刘润清、文 旭.新编语言学教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2007
8 张 玲.继承和创新[J].外语界,2009(3)
9 郭 熙.社会变迁与语言变化的关系[M].浙江大学出版社,2004
10 Rod Ellis The Universal Hypothesis and Second Language Acquisition. Understanding Second Language Acquisition[M]. 上海外语教育出版社,2007
【关键词】网络语言 社会语言学 表达 规范
【中图分类号】H08【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1006-9682(2009)11-0029-03
【Abstract】With the fast development of network, more and more people communicate through Internet.Consequently, network language gradually becomes popular. This thesis analyzes the ways of expression of network language and its influence from the aspect of sociolinguistics. This thesis points out that as we are facing the new kind of language-network language, we should build some laws or rules to guide its development, from which network language can develop more healthily.
【Key words】Network language Social linguistics Expression Standardize
With the development of the information age, people increasingly rely on communication networks. According to China Internet Network Information Center data show that more than ten thousand millions people usually on line. It has such a huge crowd to use the internet, the network that there are a variety of network is not surprising that the phenomenon of language. Broadly speaking, the network for network communication language can refer to all areas of language. But at the narrow speaking, language mainly refers to the network for online communities, the language of communication used, such as language in the internet chat rooms, BBS, QICQ, QQ, MSN, and so on. This article discusses mainly within the meaning of a narrow sense-the network language.
1.some ways of expression of network language
Network communication, in order to tap the keyboard to save time, but also in order to highlight individual, people usually use some new kinds of way to express in language.
(1)Abbreviations used
As the relatively fast pace of online chat, fast-paced in some cases, signs should be taken(Non-verbal signs)to display information. Abbreviations are to compress the necessary information can be immediately in contact with the moment to understand.[1] Also there are some kinds of abbreviations.
1)Omitted part of the word
We use some part of a word to represent the whole word. When people see the simplified one as the completed word, and all of us understand the meaning.
Ex. Tel(telephone), Add(Address), Info(Information)
2)Omit the vowel part of the word
When we typing out the word on the keyboard, the pronunciation is not changed. We should read these words as the ones which are not omitted the vowel part.
Ex. ppl(people), ftbl(football)
3)Morpheme changes
To change the spelling of the word in a certain part.[2] This form makes the spelling more briefly.
Ex. wot-what, tks-thanks.
4)First letter of the condensation
If we want to write a sentence, we can only give the fist letter. But these sentences are not the general, only some specials, or these ones which we often use.
Ex. AFASICS: As Far As I Can See; ASAP: As Soon As Possible; BFF: Best Friends Forever; DND: Do Not Disturb; GFU: Good for You; NP: No Problem
Add: some Chinese words in pinyin simplified form. Ex. MM stands for female, GG stands for male, BT stands for metamorphosis (biantai),[3] and so on.
(2)Digital symbol
The use of digital symbols, is not only a major feature of the network of language, but also contemporary social life, the concrete embodiment of the digital.Ex.555555 stands for cry, 520 stands for love, 88 stands for Goodbye.
And there are some special-Language Assimilation. People from different countries use different languages. But at some time of interaction, they use the same form to express the meaning, such as 4 stands for “for”.[4]
(3)Use of special symbols
The use of special symbols can make the network become lively and interesting. Different people with different personalities use their own symbols in communication, especially we use in QQ, QICQ, MSN. Through these emoticons symbols, our expression becomes much more lively. In usually time, the more outgoing personality, the higher the pragmatic competence.[5]For communicating more clearly, these ones like use more symbols at the last of sentences. Ex. “:)” stands for happy, “-D” stands for laughing, “:(” stands for unhappy, “-C” stands for quite unhappy, and so on.
And some times, keyboard symbols can be expressed as a special meaning. Ex. “#” stands for no comment, “&” stands for and.
(4)Using hybrid method
This way is to mix two words to be one. This new word stands for another meaning, or makes the sentences briefly. At some times, this one word has the same meaning as a sentence. The linguistic context is another aspect of contextualism. It is concerned only with the probability of one word’s co-occurrence or collocation with anther, which forms part of the “meaning”, and an important factor in communication.[6] There are two ways:
1)Mix two English words to be one. Eg. Modem comes from Modulator and Demodulator.
2)Mix the English word and the number. Eg. b4 stands for before, f2f stands for face to face, 10q stands for thank you.
These expressions are usually authorized by customs. Almost everyone use these words on line. And this form is familiar by all people who usually use the internet. With this form, people creat new words. With the development of the times, a number of new words are created. And more and more people are accustomed to use these words.
(5)A New Interpretation of the old word
In the network language, old words are often given new meaning. And with the thought, we can define an old word to new meaning. Usually, people in the chat process as needed to select the language. The fact is that people of the word have been communicating over the centuries and that there have been radical changes of world-views within languages.[7] And there are also word-activity. Usually from “n.” to “v.”
Ex. Hosts owner of a house-Webmaster
Boot a strong outer covering for the foot-kick out these persons who are not popular in the chat room.
Poof the sound of blowing out candles-leave the chat room
To sum up, we can see the network has several points: first, network language exchange with the abbreviated way, it emphasis on speed and efficiency of communication. We can save time and effort though this way; Second, some sign language go into network language for standing out personality, focus on innovation; the third, network language stresses that the digital, visualize. These words are convenient and efficient, and reflect the fast-food culture.
Network language has its own unique characteristics, and also has the characteristics of a general definition of language. At the first, network Language fully reflected in the arbitrary nature of linguistic, and the form of linguistic symbols and the significance of the expression have no natural link. At the same time, network Language also reflects well the statute. The Internet users are in the specific network conditions to create a fixed network of prescriptive language. At the second, network language through language has the advantages of the second floor, it has automatically productivity. The language use a large number of words to make up a mount of new sentences, and these sentences make up a mount of discourses. Eg. FAQ means frequently answer question. At the third, network language fully reflects the creativity of language. The use of words through new ways to express the new meaning, and the new words can be understood by these people who are the first time to see these words. There are many examples: BF-boy friend, CUL-see you later. With the times goes by, network languages should advance with the times, many news words come out though the change of the way of life.[8] We usually find out these new words in network language at the first time.
Ex. prositot means the kids with nice clothes, they look like stars.
Squares means cigarettes.
Download means accompanied.
2.the influence from the aspect of sociolinguistics
From the view of social linguistics, we can find out the origin of network language and its inflection of the influence. We live in the information age, and often get touch with computer. Our work and life always need the Internet. There are several ways of network language coming out.
(1)Net news
The network is so advanced, almost everything can be find in Internet. There are a large number of news to be uploaded at each time. And much news be write by network language cause of people used to understand. With the time goes by, this habit is saved. Then, more and more people are used to read news in network language. Cause of this language is always easily understood. And these ones who are first read that expression can know what the news said, and feel it more lively and interesting.
(2)computer games
Computer games has a large customer base cause of it is computer-based media, and network carrier. That is the words in the games can be get the resonance by users. Such as “PK” stands for competition or comparative, “personality” stands for fortune. And there is a trend, the youth who like network games can use the network language which in net games. And this phenomenon is more and more universalized and lowering ages.
(3)entertainment shows
Entertainment shows give out many network languages. The innovation words often come from these programs. The well-known U.S. television Super Ido gives us a word-fans(these people who like star very much), and it becomes each one’s habit. At this time, almost everyone knows what it means. In China, there is a very famous entertainment program Super Girl gives out many new words, such as “corn” stands for the fans of Li Yuchun, “bento” stands for the fans of He Jie. Then, there are many words stands for new meaning, such as “litchi”, “ice cream” “mesona”, and so on. These new words introduce new elements into network language.
(4)Cartoons
Cartoons also do many contributions to network language. Especially many foreign cartoon programs give us a lot of new words and expressions. Such as the number “555555” stands for the sound of crying, and “zzzzzz” stands for crying or snoring in network language.
People who like chat in Internet play an important role in creating and developing new words in network language. These people are almost youth, and they have a strong ability to innovate and rich imagination. The most important is that they prefer to accept new things. In another side, Internet users who chat on line are based on the experience of chatting at the last time. The layman often make mistake to understand their language. For example, 007 is the appellation from the movie, but it stands for “I have a secret to tell you”, “10” stands for perfect, it comes from the explanation of Chinese culture. These changes are coming out with the time by Internet users, more and more. On the other hand, they do a great contribution to social linguistics. The Internet is a side of change in social life. In the history of social development, people’s activity makes some affection to language. Although this time, the appearance of Internet is a huge change in human’s language.[9] At the last time, a feudal emperor couldn’t let one word to be popular all over the world. Today, a new language phenomenon can be accepted by everyone who is on line at the first time. People who chat on line are usually to tap the keyboard input through the words and letters to communicate. For saving time, the users always give the error words on line, and not make it to be right. When each one uses these error words, all users understand the meaning, then, everyone do as this. And there is another case, some users give the error words on purpose for they like that way to express, and they think the words looked lovely. Third, some youth like to learn the new words, of course, they think these are interesting, and right, or fashion. Their behavior is something like the language acquisition. There are process of development was explained as the result of inductive strategies operating on the input data.[10] More and more people use these words.
Ex. Prawns stands for Heroes, it means the users who go to on line a long years, sometimes like the predecessor.
Mottled bamboo means Moderators.
3.Responses
The face of the raging network language, many people expressed concerns about it. Teachers are worried that the network will affect the language specification language teaching; and parents complain that the gap between children and them grew deeper and deeper because of the emergence of network language exchange with each other more and more difficulties. There are some linguists, warning that the network is likely to overturn the traditional language. However, the network language is truly frightening as these people say?
We must be recognized that network language has its own peculiarities, such as the rapid spread of online media through the use of the lack of standardized network virtual space for arbitrary changes. Compared with the conventional language, network language flexible, novel, simple, vivid, humor and so on. At first time, it was primarily to improve the efficiency of on-line chatting and approach taken by the passage of time on the formation of a specific language, meet people, especially young people novelty seeks unconventional psychological. Therefore, this particular network language media in the network to become an effective communication tool, are within a certain range of established and accepted linguistic phenomenon. However, due to the current network model of language has been out of the network, are downloaded to the daily lives. Especially the young students, even in the diaries and writing the words used in the network. I find a sentence in my niece’s diary: She deceive me, TMD,7456(she pissed me off.)
At another side, we can not deny that the network is still a language, and it has general features. Any language has the capacity to constantly renew itself in changing society, and it can be get essence, get off its dregs in the process. That is to say, we do not have to be overly concerned about network language would affect the normal development of other languages. On the network language itself, we have a need to establish appropriate systems and rules to guide it toward to healthy development. Network language is now undergoing a long process of natural selection, some of which word people gradually recognized, accepted, while others were soon forgotten. The survived words of people will be assigned a regular dictionary as part of a standard terminology. I believe the near future, for the network language linguistic research will serve as the language of a new discipline emerged.
4.Conclusion
There is no doubt that web-based forum for the dissemination of network language plays an important role, but also to a large extent enriched networking language. And thus have language experts pointed out: as the mode of transmission of the special nature of online forums, web forums are more representative of the vocabulary used by the network characteristics of the language, not in today’s society is usually considered to network online chatting to those used by the language, because Internet chat is still a certain extent, retained the everyday interpersonal communication and mass communication commonality. Network Language is essentially a special kind of vocabulary, as the language of building materials, vocabulary a major factor in the full language, and when the development of society. When a direct impact on the evolution of language and vocabulary is often bear the brunt of the impact of social development. Stalin had clearly pointed out: “Language, the main is its vocabulary, are in a state of almost constant change. The continuous development of industry and agriculture, commerce and transport the continuous development of the continuous technological and scientific development, requiring language with an operational need for new words and new words to enrich its vocabulary, language, also a direct reflection of this need, to enrich themselves with new vocabulary words and improve their grammar structure.” Language often used by the network of people, the young students occupied a considerable proportion. Thus, understanding and reasonable treatment of the network language, to become a moral imperative for our educators.
References
1 陈 原.术语和缩略语的社会作用[M].商务印书馆,2004
2 陈 芙、黄海军、孙元元.英汉网络语言分析[J].安徽职业技术学院学报,2008(3)
3 杨永林.社会语言学研究:文化•色彩•思维篇[M].高等教育出版社,2004
4 游汝杰、邹嘉彦.语言同化和文化同化[M].复旦大学出版社,2004
5 李 民、陈新仁.英语专业学生性格类型与语法、语用能力及其意识程度研究[J].外语教学与研究,2009(2)
6 胡壮麟、刘润清.语言学教程[M].北京大学出版社,2001
7 刘润清、文 旭.新编语言学教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2007
8 张 玲.继承和创新[J].外语界,2009(3)
9 郭 熙.社会变迁与语言变化的关系[M].浙江大学出版社,2004
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