Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostate hyperplasia(LUTS/BPH)and depression are both increasing in Chinese aging males.However,the relationship still remains unknown.To explore their relationship,a retrospective cohort study based on propensity score matching(PSM)was conducted by analyzing the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study dataset.After data cleaning,a total of 5125 participants were enrolled and subjected to PSM;1351 pairs were matched and followed for 2 years.Further logistic regression and restricted cubic spline(RCS)were performed to evaluate,model and visualize the relationship between depression and LUTS/BPH.Moreover,subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were adopted to verify the robustness of the conclusions.Before PSM,depressive patients showed higher odds of LUTS/BPH in all three models adjusting for different covariates(P＜0.001).After PSM,univariate logistic regression revealed that depressive patients had higher risks for LUTS/BPH than participants in the control group(odds ratio[OR]=2.10,P＜0.001).The RCS results indicated a nonlinear(P＜0.05)and inverted U-shaped relationship between depression and LUTS/BPH.In the subgroup analyses,no increased risks were found among participants who were not married or cohabitating,received an education,had an abnormal body mass index(＜18.5 kg m-2 and≥28 kg m-2),slept more than 6 h,did not smoke,and drank less than once a month(all P＞0.05).The results of sensitivity analyses indicated identical increased risks of LUTS/BPH in all four models(all P＜0.001).In conclusion,depression enhances the risks of LUTS/BPH in aging males.