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近年来,尽管美国大学写作教学与研究呈现出多样化的态势,然而,跨语言方法已逐渐成为其主流范式。这一方法有别于单语制意识形态制约下的多语言、跨语言、跨文化等写作模式,亦有别于传统的多语制方法。跨语言方法认为,语言既不是人们置身其中写作的一套稳定的、内在一致的、独立的实体,也不是它们在同样稳定、内在一致和独立的语境中所从事的翻译。相反,语言、语言使用者及语境总是不断变化的和合成的。跨语言方法不是从严格意义上作者置身其间的空间概念来理解语言、语言使用者身份以及语境的,相反,他们所坚持的是所有这三者的时空性:语言、语言使用者身份以及语言应用的语境都被理解为是言语行为的不断变化的产物。跨语言方法对语言差异进行重新界定,并由此对单语制的语言意识形态发出激烈的挑战。这一方法改变了我们针对话语所提出的问题,扩大了我们所关注的话语范围,并且转变了我们针对话语的注意力。跨语言方法认为,差异乃是所有写作所无法规避的特征,对一些作者和言说者所持有的主流文化特权加以反制,反对把一些写作和话语凌驾于另一些写作和话语之上;语言是一种实质的社会实践,有其时空的特性,主张将语言回归其语境,认为语境是一切话语行为的至关重要的因素和结果。跨语言方法给修辞的工作机理和研究带来了新问题,为修辞学者一直以来所持有的疑问提供了新视角。
In recent years, despite the diversity of writing teaching and research in American universities, the cross-linguistic approach has gradually become its mainstream paradigm. This method is different from the multi-lingual, cross-linguistic and cross-cultural writing modes under the monolingual ideology and also different from the traditional multilingual method. Cross-linguistic approaches argue that language is neither a set of stable, internally consistent, independent entities in which people are involved, nor are they translated in the same context of stability, internal consistency and independence. On the contrary, language, language users and context are always changing and synthesizing. Cross-language approaches do not understand the language, the identity of the user of the language and the context from the notion of space in the strict sense of the author. Instead, they insist on the space-time nature of all three: the language, the identity of the user of the language, and the language The context of application is understood as a product of the ever-changing behavior of speech. Cross-linguistic approaches redefine linguistic differences and, as a result, pose a fierce challenge to monolingual linguistic ideology. This approach has changed the questions we ask about discourse, expanded the scope of discourse we are focusing on, and transformed our discourse-focused attention. The cross-linguistic approach holds that the difference is the unavoidable feature of all writing, opposing the mainstream cultural privileges held by some authors and speakers, and opposing the prevalence of writing and discourse over other writing and discourse; the language Is a kind of substantive social practice with its spatiotemporal features and advocates returning the language to its context and considers context as the crucial factor and result of all discourse. Cross-linguistic approaches have brought new problems to the working mechanism and research of rhetoric, and have provided a new perspective on the questions that rhetorical scholars have always held.