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工业革命源于英国,即资本主义生产完成了从手工作坊向机器大工业生产过渡的阶段。工业革命是以机器取代人力,以大规模工厂化生产取代个体工场手工生产的一场生产与科技革命。1765年珍妮纺纱机的发明标志着第一次工业革命的开始,第一次工业革命造就了密集的城市核心区和拔地而起的工厂,第二次工业革命催生了房地产及工业区的繁荣。第一次与第二次工业革命是基于化石能源的革命,以化石能源及相关技术为基础的革命,也就是煤炭、石油、天然气成就了当今世界的大规模生产和工业现代化。然而,繁荣的背后是巨大的能源消耗,1973年12月,世界石油价格从每桶3
The industrial revolution came from the United Kingdom, where capitalist production completed the transition from hand-workshop to machine-large industrial production. The industrial revolution is a production and technological revolution that takes the place of manpower by machines and replaces the manual production by individual factories with large-scale factory production. The invention of Jennifer spinning machine in 1765 marked the beginning of the first industrial revolution, which resulted in the intensive urban core area and the factory that had been erected in the first industrial revolution. The second industrial revolution gave birth to the real estate and industrial area prosperity. The first and second industrial revolutions are based on the revolution of fossil fuels and the revolution based on fossil fuels and related technologies, that is, coal, oil and natural gas have made large-scale production and industrial modernization in today’s world. However, behind prosperity is huge energy consumption. In December 1973, world oil prices dropped from 3