明神宗万历十一年(1583年),居住在东北地区的女真族首领努尔哈赤经过40年的艰辛努力,由小到大统一了女真各部,于1616年称汗登位,建立了政权,创制了满文,创建了军政合一的八旗制度,形成了严密的女真部落共同体。努尔哈赤自1618年开始,不断率军南下向明朝进攻。努尔哈赤去世后,其子 Ming Emperor Li Zongli eleven years (1583), living in the northeastern region of the Jurchen leader Nurhaci 40 years of arduous efforts, from small to large unified Jurchen ministries, in 1616 called the sweat ascended the throne, established the regime and created Manchu, created the Eight Banners system of military and political unity, formed a tight Nazarene community. Nurhachi since 1618, continue to rate the army south to the Ming attack. After Nurhachi died, his son