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高山季节积雪及其径流的“离子脉冲”现象首次于1978年由挪威水文学家Johannessen和Henriksen发现。“离子脉冲”一词源于英文的ionic pulse,所指为季节积雪开始消融的几日时间内,少量(一般少于全部积雪雪水当量10％)的融雪水,在短至数小时长至数日内,集中将积雪中80％之多的化学物质排出,并可使径流化学成分产生一瞬时高峰。试验点上纯融雪水离子浓度变化过程研究表明,“离子脉冲”峰值可以达到全水文年平均离子浓度的10倍之多,特别是酸性物质如H~+和SO_4~(2-)。由于受融雪水和碎屑岩石相互作用的影响,全流域融雪径流的离子浓度峰值有所降低,但一般仍能达到全水文年离子浓度的几倍。目前,高山季节积雪及其径流“离子脉冲”现象的研究,已分别在北欧和北美地区展开。本文将报道天山乌鲁木齐河空冰斗流域融雪径流“离子脉冲”现象研究的初步结果。
The “ion pulse” phenomenon of snowpacking and its runoff during the alpine season was first discovered in 1978 by Norwegian hydrologists Johannessen and Henriksen. The term “ion pulse” is derived from the ionic pulse in English. It refers to a small amount (usually less than 10% of the total snow water equivalent) of slush water in a few days from the start of seasonal snow melting, As long as a few days, the concentration of 80% of the snow in the discharge of chemicals and chemical composition of runoff can produce an instant peak. The experimental results show that the peak of “ion impulse” can reach 10 times of the average ion concentration in full-hydration year, especially acidic substances such as H ~ + and SO_4 ~ (2-). Due to the interaction between snow melt and clastic rock, the peak value of ion concentration in snowmelt runoff in the whole basin has decreased, but it still can reach several times of the full-year ion concentration. At present, the research on alpine season snow cover and runoff “ion pulse” phenomenon has been carried out in northern Europe and North America respectively. This article will report the initial results of the “ion pulse” phenomenon of snowmelt runoff in the Urumqi river ice bucket valley in the Tianshan Mountains.