清代同治、光绪年间,在清政府统治阶级上层面对边疆危机在国防部署问题上发生了所谓的海防与塞防之争。以李鸿章为首的海防派认为海防至关重要,是定天下之本的急务,主张放弃新疆而专注海防。而以左宗棠为首的塞防派则认为新疆危机则蒙古山西不保,蒙古山西丢失则京畿不保。两派的争论针锋相对十分激烈,加之李鸿章对新疆形势的错误分析,使得争论中的统一成分多为史学界所忽视,而导致对其认识的偏差。但海防塞防又有其常被忽视的莫大统一性,无论是海防还是塞防其重点都只是在防。 During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, there was a dispute over the deployment of national defense by the border ruling crisis at the upper level of the ruling class of the Qing government. Haiphong faction headed by Li Hung-chang considered that the defense of Haiphong is of utmost importance and is the priority of the world. He advocated abandoning Xinjiang and focusing on Haiphong. The Zou Zongtang-led Cypriot faction believes that the crisis in Xinjiang is not protected in Shanxi Province of Mongolia, Mongolia lost in Gyeonggi Province, Shanxi Province is not guaranteed. The argument between the two factions is quite fierce. Combined with Li Hongzhang’s erroneous analysis of the situation in Xinjiang, many of the unifying elements in the debate are ignored by historians and led to a deviation of their understanding. However, the anti-SARS anti-piracy has its great unity that has often been overlooked. Whether it is anti-nuclear or anti-nuclear protection, its focus is just on defense.