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一、问题的由来
自从教以来,批改了不少作文,但是每次改作文总能发现有相当多的作文是按照中文习惯或母语思维炮制的,心里觉得很焦急,但又觉得无计可施。有一天,笔者在一本教育参考书上看到了教育家布鲁纳的一句话——学生的错误是十分宝贵的课程资源,顿觉眼前一亮。Carl James指出,错误评估的目的并不是把所有的错误都弄出来,连最小的错误都不放过。恰恰相反,错误评估的目的是防止纠缠于小错误,着重研究大错误。何不去找找大错误背后的原因呢?于是笔者将初中学生尤其是九年级学生多次作文中的典型错误进行分类。
二、错误类型
1.不注意英语与汉语的差异,缺乏体味句意的能力,往往导致中式英语。例如:Behind my house has a long river.分析这句话,明显是Chinglish,正确的应该为:There is a long river behind my house.
2.错误地用逗号“,”取代并列连词连接两个在语意上完整的句子。例如:He has three sons, all of them are scientists.正确的应该为:He has three sons and all of them are scientists.
3.缺少主语,造成成分不完整。例如:Watch TV is my hobby.正确的应该为:Watching TV is my hobby.
4.在特定的时态中的主谓不一致,尤其是在含有一般现在时的句子中,当主语为第三人称单数或相当于第三人称单数表达的动名词短语或从句等时,忽视谓语的变化。例如:The house stand near a railway.正確的应该为:The house stands near a railway.再如:Watch TV make me relaxed.正确的应该为:Watching TV makes me relaxed.
5.不注意谓语动词的时态、语态。例如:Nothing leave in the house after the big fire.分析leave为及物动词,应用其被动语态,故正确的应该为:Nothing was left in the house after the big fire.
6.单数可数名词前无限定词,造成表达的错误。例如:Warm weather made me want to take off my coat yesterday.正确的应该为:The warm weather made me want to take off my coat yesterday.
7.及物动词后缺少宾语,造成句子成分残缺。例如:It is difficult to learn.正确的应该为:It is difficult to learn something.
8.谓语动词连用,未注意连接的方式。例如:He likes read in his spare time.分析谓语动词只能用一个,其余应该根据需要变化其形式。这里应该用reading,正确说法应该为:He likes reading in his spare time.
还有一种情况就是“be”动词与行为动词连用。例如:We are want to go there by bus now.根据句意,无需再用系动词,故应该为:We want to go there by bus now.
9.There be 句型中动词的错误使用。例如:There are many people wait for the bus.分析:There be 句型中已有谓语动词be, 故其后的谓语动词改为非谓语动词形式。上句中的wait 根据句子表达的意思应改为waiting.或者也可以将there be 后面的部分改写为一个定语从句:There are many people waiting for the bus.或There are many people who wait for the bus.
10.置于句首的分词短语的逻辑主语不与句子的主语保持一致。例如:While reading books, the telephone rang.分析:read动作应该为人发出的,故应改为:While reading books, we heard the telephone ringing.或When we read books the telephone rang.
11.不注意语境导致用词不准确。语境在很大程度上制约着用词。语境不同,用词也不同,因此写作时要选用适合上下文的词语来遣词造句。如不注意语境对选词的影响,就可能因用词不当而写出前后矛盾、不合逻辑的句子。选词与语言环境不适宜,就会用词不当。例如:
(1)Unluckily, I forgot my keys in the bus.
(2)Would you mind opening the gate? The air in the room is not fresh.
例句(1)中,forget的含义是“忘记”,而句中所要表达的意思是作者把钥匙遗留在了公交车上,应把forget改为left(遗留)。例句(2)中gate指“院落的大门”,一般不用于指房门。从上下文看,说话者指的是房门,所以应改为door。
12.形容词当动词使用。例如:He handsome at first sight. 正确的应为:He is handsome at first sight.再如:The flowers in the garden beautiful.正确的应为:The flowers in the garden are beautiful.
自从教以来,批改了不少作文,但是每次改作文总能发现有相当多的作文是按照中文习惯或母语思维炮制的,心里觉得很焦急,但又觉得无计可施。有一天,笔者在一本教育参考书上看到了教育家布鲁纳的一句话——学生的错误是十分宝贵的课程资源,顿觉眼前一亮。Carl James指出,错误评估的目的并不是把所有的错误都弄出来,连最小的错误都不放过。恰恰相反,错误评估的目的是防止纠缠于小错误,着重研究大错误。何不去找找大错误背后的原因呢?于是笔者将初中学生尤其是九年级学生多次作文中的典型错误进行分类。
二、错误类型
1.不注意英语与汉语的差异,缺乏体味句意的能力,往往导致中式英语。例如:Behind my house has a long river.分析这句话,明显是Chinglish,正确的应该为:There is a long river behind my house.
2.错误地用逗号“,”取代并列连词连接两个在语意上完整的句子。例如:He has three sons, all of them are scientists.正确的应该为:He has three sons and all of them are scientists.
3.缺少主语,造成成分不完整。例如:Watch TV is my hobby.正确的应该为:Watching TV is my hobby.
4.在特定的时态中的主谓不一致,尤其是在含有一般现在时的句子中,当主语为第三人称单数或相当于第三人称单数表达的动名词短语或从句等时,忽视谓语的变化。例如:The house stand near a railway.正確的应该为:The house stands near a railway.再如:Watch TV make me relaxed.正确的应该为:Watching TV makes me relaxed.
5.不注意谓语动词的时态、语态。例如:Nothing leave in the house after the big fire.分析leave为及物动词,应用其被动语态,故正确的应该为:Nothing was left in the house after the big fire.
6.单数可数名词前无限定词,造成表达的错误。例如:Warm weather made me want to take off my coat yesterday.正确的应该为:The warm weather made me want to take off my coat yesterday.
7.及物动词后缺少宾语,造成句子成分残缺。例如:It is difficult to learn.正确的应该为:It is difficult to learn something.
8.谓语动词连用,未注意连接的方式。例如:He likes read in his spare time.分析谓语动词只能用一个,其余应该根据需要变化其形式。这里应该用reading,正确说法应该为:He likes reading in his spare time.
还有一种情况就是“be”动词与行为动词连用。例如:We are want to go there by bus now.根据句意,无需再用系动词,故应该为:We want to go there by bus now.
9.There be 句型中动词的错误使用。例如:There are many people wait for the bus.分析:There be 句型中已有谓语动词be, 故其后的谓语动词改为非谓语动词形式。上句中的wait 根据句子表达的意思应改为waiting.或者也可以将there be 后面的部分改写为一个定语从句:There are many people waiting for the bus.或There are many people who wait for the bus.
10.置于句首的分词短语的逻辑主语不与句子的主语保持一致。例如:While reading books, the telephone rang.分析:read动作应该为人发出的,故应改为:While reading books, we heard the telephone ringing.或When we read books the telephone rang.
11.不注意语境导致用词不准确。语境在很大程度上制约着用词。语境不同,用词也不同,因此写作时要选用适合上下文的词语来遣词造句。如不注意语境对选词的影响,就可能因用词不当而写出前后矛盾、不合逻辑的句子。选词与语言环境不适宜,就会用词不当。例如:
(1)Unluckily, I forgot my keys in the bus.
(2)Would you mind opening the gate? The air in the room is not fresh.
例句(1)中,forget的含义是“忘记”,而句中所要表达的意思是作者把钥匙遗留在了公交车上,应把forget改为left(遗留)。例句(2)中gate指“院落的大门”,一般不用于指房门。从上下文看,说话者指的是房门,所以应改为door。
12.形容词当动词使用。例如:He handsome at first sight. 正确的应为:He is handsome at first sight.再如:The flowers in the garden beautiful.正确的应为:The flowers in the garden are beautiful.