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1 引言请想像这样的景像，用微小的机器干各种活。有的使汽车运行更加平稳安全，免除交通事故中千万人遇难。有的则以每秒数拍（1015比特）速率处理信息，从全球网站为人们下载影视节目。另一些能以前所未有的灵敏度和精确度进行科学测量。晶片大小的化工厂则能在需要的时间和
1 Introduction Please imagine such a scene, with a small machine to do a variety of activities. Some make the car run more smoothly and safely, so as to save tens of millions of people in traffic accidents. Others process information at a rate of 1015 bits per second, downloading videos to people from the global web site. Others make scientific measurements with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy. A wafer-sized chemical plant can take the time it takes