现代语言学的缔造者索绪尔在他的《普通语言学教程》中,严格区分了语言和言语,共时语言学和历时语言学,内部语言学和外部语言学,组合关系和联想关系。这一系列论断,为现代语言学奠定了科学的基础,引发了结构主义语言学以及后来转换生成语言学的蓬勃发展。但是,索绪尔把语言当作一个同质系统,也导致结构主义语言学在进行语音、词汇、语法、语义的描写时,往往有意地排除了许多 In his General Linguistics Course, Saussure, the founder of modern linguistics, made a strict distinction between language and speech, synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics, internal linguistics and external linguistics, combinatorial relations and associations. This series of assertions laid the scientific foundation for modern linguistics and triggered the vigorous development of structuralist linguistics and later linguistics of conversion. However, Saussure’s use of language as a homogeneous system has also led to the fact that structural linguistics often deliberately excludes many when describing phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, and semantics