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以始于1979年的黄土旱塬黑垆土长期5种肥料试验为基础,研究了小麦、玉米一年一熟轮作条件下旱地作物产量及水分利用的变化。结果表明,无论气候年型如何,作物平均产量和水分利用效率大小依次为:有机无机肥结合(MNP)>秸秆还田与化肥配合(SNP)>单施化肥(NP)>单施农家肥(M)>单施化肥氮(N)>不施肥(CK);MNP和SNP施肥方式在旱地农业生产中具有显著的增产和提高水分利用效率的作用,2种施肥方式下小麦平均产量较CK增加189%和158%,水分利用效率提高193%和165%,玉米平均产量较CK增加125%和99%,水分利用效率提高121%和96%。随着试验年限的延长,化肥尤其是氮肥的增产效果受降水影响年际之间波动性很大,但无机氮磷结合农家肥、无机氮磷配合秸秆还田能有效减缓产量的波动,起到抗逆减灾和稳定产量的作用。有机无机肥结合(MNP)和秸秆还田与化肥配合(SNP)是实现旱地有限水资源高效利用和旱地农业可持续发展的施肥方式。
Based on the long-term experiment of five kinds of fertilizers on Loess Plateau from 1979, the changes of crop yield and water use in dry land under wheat-corn rotation are studied. The results showed that the average crop yield and water use efficiency were as follows: organic-inorganic combination (MNP)> straw-returning and chemical fertilization (SNP)> single-application chemical fertilizer (NP) M> application of nitrogen (N)> no fertilization (CK); MNP and SNP fertilizers have significant effects on yield increase and water use efficiency in dryland agricultural production. The average yield of wheat under two kinds of fertilization is increased compared with CK 189% and 158% respectively. The water use efficiency increased by 193% and 165% respectively. The average yield of maize increased by 125% and 99% and the water use efficiency increased by 121% and 96% respectively. With the prolongation of the test period, the stimulation effect of fertilizers, especially nitrogenous fertilizer, is greatly affected by the precipitation. However, the combination of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus with peasant fertilizer and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus with straw returning can effectively reduce the fluctuation of the yield, The role of resilience to disaster reduction and stable production. Organic-inorganic fertilizer combination (MNP) and straw-returning and chemical fertilization (SNP) are fertilization methods to realize the efficient use of limited water resources in dry land and the sustainable development of dry land agriculture.