视神经脊髓炎(neuromyelitis optica,NMO)是一种中枢神经系统炎症性脱髓鞘性疾病,主要累及视神经和脊髓。近年来,越来越多的研究发现水通道蛋白4抗体(anti-aquaporin-4,AQP4-Ig G)在NMO的发病机制中起着重要的作用,证明了NMO是一种区别于多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)的独立疾病。随着人们在影像学、辅助检查、临床特点和病理机制等方面对NMO的认知有了飞速的发展,NMO的诊断标准也经过了数次修改,诊断标准的特异度和灵敏度都得到了提高。本文主要就NMO诊断标准的发展历程进行系统性的回顾。 Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease that mainly affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. In recent years, more and more researches have found that anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ig G) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NMO. It has been proved that NMO is a marker that is different from multiple sclerosis (multiple sclerosis, MS) of the independent disease. With the rapid development of NMO awareness in imaging, laboratory examinations, clinical features and pathological mechanisms, the diagnostic criteria of NMO have also been revised several times, and the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic criteria have been improved . This article mainly reviews the development of NMO diagnostic criteria systematically.