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不管是在理论界还是实务界,也不管是在刑法的四要件犯罪论体系还是在三阶层犯罪论体系中,犯罪构成主观要素的证明一直是个司法难题。主观要素的证明在整个犯罪事实的认定中起着重要作用,涉及罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪以及定罪量刑等重要因素。司法实践中,除了阐述主观要素的直接言词证据外,还有通过外在行为表现来认定主观要件的证明模式。目前,司法实践中对犯罪主观要素的证明还存在主观要素证明过程不透明、事实推定定性不明等一系列问题。鉴于此,本文拟从刑事实体法与证据法相结合的角度出发,结合司法实例,来初步探讨司法实践中通过外在行为表现来认定主观要件这一证明模式,并分析其背后的逻辑原理和具体的证明方法。最后,本文就主观要素的证明体系的构建提出了建设性意见,包括从事实推定到法律推定的规范化,案例指导制度的运用,判决书的加强说理及公开化。
Whether it is in theory or practice, and regardless of the four elements of criminal law crime system or in the third-class crime theory, the crime constitutes a subjective element of proof has always been a judicial problem. The proof of subjective factors plays an important role in the determination of the entire criminal facts, involving important crimes such as sin and non-sin, sin and sin, and conviction and sentencing. In judicial practice, in addition to direct verbal evidence of the subjective factors, there is also a mode of proving the subjective elements through the appearance of external behavior. At present, the judicial practice of subjective elements of crime there are subjective elements of proof of the process of opaque, unidentified factual presumptions and a series of other issues. In view of this, this article from the point of view of criminal substantive law and evidence law combined with judicial examples to tentatively explore the proof of subjective elements through the external behavior of judicial practice, and analyze the logic behind the principle and specific Proof method. Finally, this article puts forward constructive suggestions on the construction of the proof system of subjective factors, from the presumption of facts to the standardization of legal presumption, the application of case guidance system, the strengthening of the verdict and the openness.