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为促进国外种质资源在我国的有效利用,将14个国家的100份代表性小麦品种在国内的8个代表性地点种植,调查抽穗期、成熟期和株高,并以4个春化基因(Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3)、1个光周期基因(Ppd-D1a)及2个矮秆基因(Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b)的分子标记检测所有品种的基因型。春化基因Vrn-A1a、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和vrn-A1+vrn-B1+vrn-D1的分布频率分别为8.0%、21.0%、21.0%和64.0%;显性等位变异Vrn-A1a、Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1主要存在于来自中国春麦区及意大利、印度、加拿大、墨西哥和澳大利亚的品种中,这些品种一般为春性类型;春化位点均为隐性等位变异或vrn-A1+vrn-D1+Vrn-B1的品种主要分布在中国冬麦区、美国冬麦区、俄罗斯冬麦区,以及英国、法国、德国、罗马尼亚、土耳其和匈牙利,这些地区的小麦均为冬性类型。秋播时,供试品种均能正常抽穗,且携带春化显性变异的材料较隐性类型抽穗早,显性等位变异表现加性效应,4个春化位点均为隐性变异的一些欧美材料因抽穗太晚在杨凌和成都不能正常成熟;而春播时,显性等位变异基因型抽穗的频率高,隐性等位变异基因型基本不能抽穗。光周期不敏感基因Ppd-D1a的分布频率为68.0%,主要分布在中国、法国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、墨西哥、澳大利亚和印度,而光周期敏感等位变异Ppd-D1b主要分布在英国、德国、匈牙利和加拿大等中高纬度地区;携带Ppd-D1a的品种较携带Ppd-D1b的品种抽穗早,大多数Ppd-D1a品种在长日照和短日照条件下均能成熟,大部分Ppd-D1b品种在短日照条件下不能成熟。Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因的分布频率分别为43.0%和35.0%,其中,Rht-B1b主要分布于美国、罗马尼亚、土耳其、意大利、墨西哥和澳大利亚,Rht-D1b主要分布于中国、德国、英国、意大利和印度。一般来说,一个国家的品种携带Rht-B1b或Rht-D1b之一,而这2个基因在高纬度地区分布频率较低。Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Ppd-D1a的降秆作用均达显著水平,Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的加性效应突出。
In order to promote the efficient utilization of foreign germplasm resources in our country, 100 representative wheat cultivars in 14 countries were planted at 8 representative sites in China. The heading date, maturity and plant height were investigated. Four vernalization genes (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and Vrn-B3), one photoperiod gene (Ppd-D1a) and two dwarf genes (Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b) genotype. The distribution frequencies of vernalized genes Vrn-A1a, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and vrn-A1 + vrn-B1 + vrn- A1a, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 are mainly found in Chinese spring wheat and in the varieties of Italy, India, Canada, Mexico and Australia. These varieties are generally spring type; the vernalization sites are recessive alleles or The varieties of vrn-A1 + vrn-D1 + Vrn-B1 are mainly distributed in China’s winter wheat area, the United States winter wheat area, the Russian winter wheat area, and the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Romania, Turkey and Hungary. The wheat in these areas is Winter type. During autumn seeding, all the tested cultivars could be heading normally, and the material carrying dominant spring vernalization was earlier than the recessive heading, and the dominant allele showed additive effects. The four vernalization sites were recessive Some European and American materials can not mature normally in Yangling and Chengdu because heading is too late. In spring, the frequency of heading of dominant allele is high, and the recessive allele can not be heading. The distribution frequency of photoperiod-insensitive gene Ppd-D1a was 68.0%, mainly distributed in China, France, Romania, Russia, Mexico, Australia and India. The photoperiod sensitive allele Ppd-D1b mainly distributed in England, Germany and Hungary And Canada. The cultivars with Ppd-D1a were earlier heading than those with Ppd-D1b. Most cultivars of Ppd-D1a could mature under long-day and short-day conditions. Most of the cultivars of Ppd-D1b were short Under the conditions of sunshine can not be mature. The distribution frequencies of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b genes were 43.0% and 35.0% respectively. Rht-B1b mainly distributed in the United States, Romania, Turkey, Italy, Mexico and Australia. Rht-D1b mainly distributed in China, Germany and the United Kingdom Italy and India. In general, a country breed carries one of Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b, and the two genes are less frequently distributed in high latitudes. Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Ppd-D1a reached the significant level, and the additive effects of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b were prominent.