一、引言在过去半个世纪的时间里,刑法领域的教学和著书立说的实践已经发生了翻天覆地的变化。在美国和英国——在其他说英语的国家里,这种变化的程度稍微小一些——我们亲眼见证了一种向刑法理论探究的转向,这些理论探究比先前已经存在于英美法律史上的研究更为深入和多样。这种新文献的主题包括刑罚的性质和基本原 I. INTRODUCTION In the past half century, the practice of teaching and writing in the field of criminal law has undergone tremendous changes. In the United States and the United Kingdom - in other English-speaking countries, this change is somewhat lesser - we have witnessed a shift toward the exploration of the theory of criminal law that explores more than previously studied in the history of Anglo-American law More in-depth and diverse. The topics of this new literature include the nature and basic principle of the penalty