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五、清代反击沙俄侵略的土地放垦(一)清朝的建立努尔哈赤出身于建州左卫贵族家庭.1583年,明廷任努尔哈赤为建州左卫(今吉林省和龙东南的图们江附近)指挥使.用11年时间,以赫图阿拉(今辽宁新宾县)为中心,统一了建州女真族各部.继而,开始了统一海西女真和东海女真的活动,使自己的势力扩大到黑龙江和松花江的中下游,东至大海,取代了明朝的统治.1615年,努尔哈赤定
V. Land Reclamation in the Anti-Russia and Russian Aggression in the Qing Dynasty (I) Establishment of the Qing Dynasty Nuerhachi was born in the aristocratic family of Zuo Wei in Jianzhou. In 1583, the Ming court appointed Nurhachu as Jianwei Zuowei (now Tumen River, Near) command to make use of 11 years time, to He Tuala (now Liaoning Xin Bin County) as the center, unified the Jurchen Jurchen ministries, and then began a unified Hercynian Jurchen and the East China Sea Jurchen activities to make their own power Expanded to the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and the Songhua River, east to the sea, to replace the Ming dynasty.In 1615, Nurhachuding