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由于光波、声波、地震波和水波都遵循波动方程,所以,2006年光学隐身衣(optical cloak)原理在Science杂志上发表后,光学隐身衣的设想很快就从最初的光波推广到了声波、地震波和水波,至今方兴未艾。由于热传导满足的是扩散方程,并且波动方程与扩散方程在物理机制上迥异,这就使得把光学隐身衣推广到热学隐身衣的尝试不得不面临来自原理上的挑战,可能也正因为如此,国际上对热超构材料的研究非常缓慢:早在2008年,就有学者在光学隐身衣的启发下,通过有限元模拟,揭示了热学隐身衣和热流反转等反常热功能或热现象,从而提出热超构材料(thermal metamaterial)的概念,但是,直到2012年,这个概念才被实验验证。由于其中蕴含着巨大的潜在应用价值,该实验工作发表后,热超构材料开始得到国际同行的广泛关注。文章的主要目的就是向读者介绍这一类新型功能材料——热超构材料的物理原理、发展历程及其理论和实验研究进展。
Since the optical wave, the acoustic wave, the seismic wave and the water wave follow the wave equation, the optical cloak principle was published in Science magazine in 2006. The idea of the optical stealth coat soon spread from the initial light wave to the acoustic wave, the seismic wave and Water wave, so far in the ascendant. Due to the fact that the heat conduction satisfies the diffusion equation and the wave equation and the diffusion equation are quite different in physical mechanism, the attempt to popularize the optical invisibility cloak to the thermal invisibility fabric has to come from the principle challenge, and perhaps also because of this, The research on the thermal superconducting materials was very slow: as early as 2008, some scholars inspired the optical stealth underwear to reveal the abnormal thermal function or thermal phenomena such as the thermal invisibility coat and the heat flux reversal through the finite element simulation The concept of thermal metamaterial was proposed, but this concept was not validated experimentally until 2012. Due to its enormous potential application value, after the experimental work was published, the thermal superconducting materials began to receive the widespread concern of the international counterparts. The main purpose of this article is to introduce readers to this new type of functional material - the physical principle of thermal superconducting materials, its development and theoretical and experimental progress.