张灏教授曾指出,清末民初(1895～1920)是中国近代思想文化史上的转型时代,在此期间,一方面的变化是中国文化取向的危机,另一方面则是新的思想论域的出现①。其实,对于中国近代政治史而言,清末民初又何尝不是一个转型时代呢?政治危机固然构成其中的一个面向,但机遇总是与挑战并 Professor Zhang Hao pointed out that the period from the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic (1895 ~ 1920) was the transitional period in the history of modern Chinese thought and culture. During this period, the changes on the one hand were the crisis of Chinese cultural orientation and the new ideological field Appear ①. In fact, for the political history of modern China, is it not a transitional era at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China? The political crisis, of course, constitutes one of them, but the opportunities are always the same as the challenges