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Background:Chemotherapy can lead to cognitive impairments which has been reported by many neuropsychological studies relying on cognitive questionnaires.This study is performed for assessment of the effect of chemotherapy on cognitive impairments in breast cancer patients by use of objective electrophysiological measure（event related potentials,ERPs）with a big sample size.Methods:Totally 529 primary breast cancer patients,including 178 cases at initial diagnosis and before chemotherapy（Groupl）,167 cases during chemotherapy（Group2）,and 184 cases during follow-up period（Group3）,were examined with ERPs（P300 component）to assess the effect of chemotherapy on their cognitive function,from April 2017 to January 2018.Results:There were significant differences of P300 latency in Group2 and group3（mean follow-up period of 2.42 years）compared with group 1（364.74±15.73ms,364.02±17.12ms,355.13±19.47ms,P<0.001）,respectively.With further age stratification:In patients of<50 years old,P300 latency was significantly prolonged in Group2 and Group3 compared with Group 1（P<0.001）,respectively;In patients of 50-59 years old,P300 latency was significantly prolonged in Group2 compared with Group 1（P<0.05）,but without difference in Group1 and Group3（P>0.05）;In patients of over 60 years old,there were no differences of P300 latency in Group1,Group2 and Group3,（P>0.05）,respectively.Conclusion:Based on the study results,it is concluded that the impact of chemotherapy to induce electrophysiological cognitive impairments may be less in aged breast cancer patients.Young age patients who are undergoing chemotherapy have less chance to get recovery in their cognitive functions,which remain impaired for several years even after completion of chemotherapy treatment.Thus future research should be more focused on the significance of earlier intervention to minimize the impact of cognitive impairment on the life quality of breast cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy.Trial registration:Retrospectively registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry（http://www.chictr.org.cn/,Registration number:ChiCTR-ROC-17011336,date of registration:May 8,2017）.