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一、形容词的构成
1. 名词 ful,如:help→helpful;use-useful; thank-thankful
2. 名词 y,如:cloud →cloudy;wind-windy; cloud-cloudy
3.动词 ing, 如:interest →interesting;excite-exciting
4.动词 ed, 如:interest →interested;worry-worried
5.名词 ly,如:friend →friendly; love—lovely; live-lively
漏掉-less, un-等。
二、副词的构成
1. 副词大多由形容词加-ly构成。(辅音字母 y结尾变y为i加-ly)例如:
quick- quickly, happy-happily, easy—easily, busy--busily
terrible-terribly, wonderful- wonderfully
2. 少数单词是形容词、副词同形。例如:
fast, slow, early, hard
形容词和副词在句中的位置:
形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。其作定语时,往往位于被修饰的名词前;作表语时,常位于be, become, smell, seem, look, get, feel, turn, grow等系动词之后。 但是,形容词修饰不定代词时要后置。
副词在句中可作状语。主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词等,通常位于被修饰的词前。但是,当enough用作副词来修饰形容词时,要后置。
[典型试题1]—Have you bought for Linda’s birthday?
—Not exactly. Just some flowers. (2012年 连云港)
A. something unusual B. anything unusual
C. unusual something D. unusual anything
[简析]形容词修饰不定代词时,应该放在其后面, 故排除C、D两项, 再根据一般疑问句要使用anything。所以B项正确。
[典型试题2] —What do you think of the lecture of Li Yang’s Crazy English?
—I think it’s ____, but someone thinks it’s much too ______.(2010年 眉山)
A. wonderful enough; bored B. enough wonderful; boring
C. wonderful enough; boring D. enough wonderful; bored
[简析] 根据enough修饰形容词时应该后置,可以排除B、D两项;再分析第二个空格可以知道应该填boring(令人厌烦的)才符合题意,从而又排除A项。
三、比较等级的构成及用法。
【知识百宝箱】
1. 和比较等级相关的一些经典句型。
(1)…the 比较级 of the two… 意为“……俩者中较……”。例如:
Simon is the fatter of the two brothers. 西蒙是他们兄弟俩中较胖的一个。
(2)The 比较级…,the 比较级… 的含义是“越……就越……”。例如:
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
你越是小心,错误就会犯得越少。
(3)“比较级 and 比较级”或“more and more (部分双音节或多音节)形容词的原形”表示“越来越……”。 例如:
When spring comes, the weather gets warmer and warmer.
当春天来临时,天气变得越来越暖和。
Nanjing City is becoming more and more beautiful.
南京市正变得越来越漂亮。
(4) “one of the 形容词最高级 可数名词复数形式”意为“最……中之一”。 例如:
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
上海是中国最大的城市之一。
2. 形容词三个比较等级都可以被某些词语所修饰。这也是各类测试命题的焦点。
(1)形容词原级可以被very, quite, too, so, as, much too等修饰。例如:
The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry.
那只盒子对于那小男孩而言太重了,他拎不动。
The coat is very beautiful, but it’s much too dear.
那件上衣很漂亮,但太贵了点。
(2)形容词的比较级前可用much, far, a lot等修饰,表示“……得多”;用a little, a lit等修饰,表示“……一点儿”,用even, still等修饰,表示“更……”。例如: I need much more money than he does.
我比他需要更多的钱。
This motorbike is a little cheaper than that one.
这辆摩托车比那辆要便宜点。
Your pencil—box is very beautiful, but mine is still more beautiful.
你铅笔盒很漂亮,但我的更漂亮。
(3)形容词的最高级可以被序数词及nearly, almost等修饰。例如:
That is nearly the cheapest shirt in our shop.
那几乎是本店最便宜的衬衫了。
[典型试题3] _____exercise you take, _____you’ll be. (2012年 黑龙江鸡西)
A. The fewer, the fatter B. The less, the fatter C. The less, the more fatter
【简析】此题考查比较等级的特殊用法。英语中用“the 比较级……,the 比较级……”表示“越……就越……”,所以题意为“你锻炼越少,你将越胖。”,即答案为B项。
[典型试题4] When winter comes, days get ______.(2012年 毕节)
A. long and long B. short and short C. longer and longer D. shorter and shorter
【简析】此题考查比较等级的特殊用法。“比较级 and 比较级”或“more and more 原形”表示“越来越…… ,所以本题应该选D项。
[典型试题5] Traffic is heavy and the price of oil i s much _______ so that many people go to work by bus instead. (2012年 昆明)
A. higher B. high C. expensive D. more expensive
【简析】根据much后跟形容词的比较级,可以排除B、C两项;英语中表示价格(price)高低用high和low,不能以中文思维而误用expensive 和cheap。再结合下文“人们改乘公交车”可以推断价钱是更高的。故选A。
四、形容词、副词在具体语境中的应用
【知识百宝箱】
中考中常见的形容词或副词的辨析有:
1.such和 so “如此”不同
such和 so都有“如此”之意。such用作形容词修饰名词时,须放在名词前;so用作副词修饰形容词或副词时,须放在形容词或副词前;当名词被“多(many)多(much)少(few)少(little)”修饰时,其前仍用so。
2.already, still与yet表示“已经”
already表示某事已经发生,still表示某事仍在进行,主要用于肯定句,yet用于疑问句表示“已经”,用于否定句表示“还没有”、“尚未”等。
3. alone与lonely
alone 作形容词和副词用,意为“单独的/地、独自的/地”,重在表示单独无伴。而lonely作形容词用,意为“孤独的、寂寞的”,表示缺少朋友同情和友谊的一种悲伤、忧郁的感情,其作表语时指人所处的孤独状态,作定语时表示荒凉。
[典型试题6] Martha is a_____ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others. (2012年 河北)
A. shy B. friendly C. crazy D. healthy
【简析】考查形容词的词义辨析。shy意为“害羞的”,friendly意为“友好的”,crazy意为“疯狂的”,healthy意为“健康的”。根据下文“她一直微笑并对其他人打招呼”,可推测她是友好的,故答案选B。
五、考查程度副词的用法。
【知识百宝箱】
1. 考查much too和too much的区别。much too意为“很,非常”,常用于形容词或副词之前;too much意为“太,很”,常用来修饰不可数名词或位于不及物动词之后来修饰动词。试体会:
“Don’t eat too much meat any more, you’re much too fat,” the mother said to her son.
“不要再吃太多的肉了,你太胖了,”妈妈对她的儿子说道。
much可作形容词,修饰不可数名词;也可以作代词或副词。
2. how用作程度副词时意为“多么”,其后接形容词或副词,用来引导感叹句,构成“How 形容词/副词 主语 谓语 其他!”句型。 例如:
How beautifully she sings!她唱歌唱得多美啊!
what也可引导感叹句,其后接名词,构成“What a/an 形容词 可数名词单数 形式主语 谓语 其他!”或“What 形容词 可数名词复数/不可数名词 形式主语 谓语 其他!”句型。 例如:
What a kind girl Liu Mei is! 刘梅是位多么善良的女孩啊!
[典型试题7] I’m going to be late for work. There’re ___ buses on this route(线路). (2011年沈阳) A. too few B. too little C. too many D. too much
[简析] 根据前句“我上班将会迟到的”可知,这条路线的公交车很少,据此可以排除C、D两项; bus是可数名词,应用too many来修饰;又可以排除B项。
[典型试题8] — The advantages of the Chongqi Bridge have already been seen.
— good news to us! (2012年 南通)
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
[简析] 审题后可以发现空格处应该选用what来修饰不可数名词news,故A项正确。
六、疑问副词的用法
【知识百宝箱】
疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的,一般放在句首。疑问词的选择,要根据句子的意思来判断。常见的疑问副词when, where, why, how以及由how与其它形容词或副词构成的how old, how soon, how often, how far, how long, how tall, how many, how much等。
[典型试题9] — do you write a letter to your father?
— I seldom or never do that now. Instead, I call or email him almost every day. (2012年 南通)
A. How soon B. How long C. How much D. How often
【简析】解该题时,根据题干中的答语(I seldom or never do that now.)可以快速得到正确答案D项(对频率进行提问时,用how often)。
[典型试题10] —______ will the manager come back.
—Maybe in three days. (2012年 呼和浩特)
A. How often B. How long C. How soon D. How far
【简析】根据答语Maybe in three days,可以得出该题的正确答案应该是C项。
强化训练
I.单项选择,选择最佳答案。
1. —Have you got my e-mail today?
—Oh, there’s ______ with my computer. It doesn’t work.
A. something wrong B. wrong something C. anything wrong D. wrong anything
2. Mr. Black, _____ of the ______ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
3. —I wonder_______ I should water this kind of flower.
—Twice a week, I think.
A.how often B.how long C.how soon D.how much
4. “I was so tired that I could ______walk any farther,” the little girl said to her father.
A.nearly B.hardly C.really D.studeenly
5. —Can I help you, Sir?
—Well, I’m afraid the box is _______ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
6. ______ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
A. Brave enough stdents B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
7. I ________ ride a bike to school. But this morning I took a taxi because I got up late.
A. never B. sometimes C. seldom D. usually
8. — Health is money.
— But I think it is money.
A. as important as B. more important than C. so important than D. the same as
9. —Our teacher wants us to be_______when we talk with the foreigners.
—Yes,we should believe in ourselves. A.comfortable B.confident C.unusual D.energetic
10. —_____ kind girl Nancy is! —Yes, she is always ready to help others.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
II.用括号内所给的单词的适当形式填空。
1. Li Ming usually checks his test papers before handing them in. (careful)
2. While we were watching the play, I _____ noticed a man with a funny look. (sudden)
3. Our family has bought a car so we can travel ______ than before. (easy)
4. The __________ you climb, the more beautiful view you will see. (high)
5. I don’t like horror films. I usually feel ______ ill after I watch such a kind of film. (terrible)
6. How _________ he is singing! Perhaps he is ________ student in our class now. (happy)
7. It’s today. Let’s go to the park. (sun)
8.-Which one of those two houses would you buy?
-I would buy the _______ one because I have a big family. (large)
9. We should use plastic bags to help the environment. Let’s say goodbye to them. (few)
10. — What bad weather!
—Yes. The radio says it will be even _______ later on. (bad)
参考答案
强化训练
I.1—5 A A A B D 6—10 C D B B B
II.1.carefully 2. suddenly 3. more easily 4. higher 5. terribly 6. happily; the happiesst 7. sunny 8. larger 9. fewer 10. worse
1. 名词 ful,如:help→helpful;use-useful; thank-thankful
2. 名词 y,如:cloud →cloudy;wind-windy; cloud-cloudy
3.动词 ing, 如:interest →interesting;excite-exciting
4.动词 ed, 如:interest →interested;worry-worried
5.名词 ly,如:friend →friendly; love—lovely; live-lively
漏掉-less, un-等。
二、副词的构成
1. 副词大多由形容词加-ly构成。(辅音字母 y结尾变y为i加-ly)例如:
quick- quickly, happy-happily, easy—easily, busy--busily
terrible-terribly, wonderful- wonderfully
2. 少数单词是形容词、副词同形。例如:
fast, slow, early, hard
形容词和副词在句中的位置:
形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。其作定语时,往往位于被修饰的名词前;作表语时,常位于be, become, smell, seem, look, get, feel, turn, grow等系动词之后。 但是,形容词修饰不定代词时要后置。
副词在句中可作状语。主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词等,通常位于被修饰的词前。但是,当enough用作副词来修饰形容词时,要后置。
[典型试题1]—Have you bought for Linda’s birthday?
—Not exactly. Just some flowers. (2012年 连云港)
A. something unusual B. anything unusual
C. unusual something D. unusual anything
[简析]形容词修饰不定代词时,应该放在其后面, 故排除C、D两项, 再根据一般疑问句要使用anything。所以B项正确。
[典型试题2] —What do you think of the lecture of Li Yang’s Crazy English?
—I think it’s ____, but someone thinks it’s much too ______.(2010年 眉山)
A. wonderful enough; bored B. enough wonderful; boring
C. wonderful enough; boring D. enough wonderful; bored
[简析] 根据enough修饰形容词时应该后置,可以排除B、D两项;再分析第二个空格可以知道应该填boring(令人厌烦的)才符合题意,从而又排除A项。
三、比较等级的构成及用法。
【知识百宝箱】
1. 和比较等级相关的一些经典句型。
(1)…the 比较级 of the two… 意为“……俩者中较……”。例如:
Simon is the fatter of the two brothers. 西蒙是他们兄弟俩中较胖的一个。
(2)The 比较级…,the 比较级… 的含义是“越……就越……”。例如:
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
你越是小心,错误就会犯得越少。
(3)“比较级 and 比较级”或“more and more (部分双音节或多音节)形容词的原形”表示“越来越……”。 例如:
When spring comes, the weather gets warmer and warmer.
当春天来临时,天气变得越来越暖和。
Nanjing City is becoming more and more beautiful.
南京市正变得越来越漂亮。
(4) “one of the 形容词最高级 可数名词复数形式”意为“最……中之一”。 例如:
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
上海是中国最大的城市之一。
2. 形容词三个比较等级都可以被某些词语所修饰。这也是各类测试命题的焦点。
(1)形容词原级可以被very, quite, too, so, as, much too等修饰。例如:
The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry.
那只盒子对于那小男孩而言太重了,他拎不动。
The coat is very beautiful, but it’s much too dear.
那件上衣很漂亮,但太贵了点。
(2)形容词的比较级前可用much, far, a lot等修饰,表示“……得多”;用a little, a lit等修饰,表示“……一点儿”,用even, still等修饰,表示“更……”。例如: I need much more money than he does.
我比他需要更多的钱。
This motorbike is a little cheaper than that one.
这辆摩托车比那辆要便宜点。
Your pencil—box is very beautiful, but mine is still more beautiful.
你铅笔盒很漂亮,但我的更漂亮。
(3)形容词的最高级可以被序数词及nearly, almost等修饰。例如:
That is nearly the cheapest shirt in our shop.
那几乎是本店最便宜的衬衫了。
[典型试题3] _____exercise you take, _____you’ll be. (2012年 黑龙江鸡西)
A. The fewer, the fatter B. The less, the fatter C. The less, the more fatter
【简析】此题考查比较等级的特殊用法。英语中用“the 比较级……,the 比较级……”表示“越……就越……”,所以题意为“你锻炼越少,你将越胖。”,即答案为B项。
[典型试题4] When winter comes, days get ______.(2012年 毕节)
A. long and long B. short and short C. longer and longer D. shorter and shorter
【简析】此题考查比较等级的特殊用法。“比较级 and 比较级”或“more and more 原形”表示“越来越…… ,所以本题应该选D项。
[典型试题5] Traffic is heavy and the price of oil i s much _______ so that many people go to work by bus instead. (2012年 昆明)
A. higher B. high C. expensive D. more expensive
【简析】根据much后跟形容词的比较级,可以排除B、C两项;英语中表示价格(price)高低用high和low,不能以中文思维而误用expensive 和cheap。再结合下文“人们改乘公交车”可以推断价钱是更高的。故选A。
四、形容词、副词在具体语境中的应用
【知识百宝箱】
中考中常见的形容词或副词的辨析有:
1.such和 so “如此”不同
such和 so都有“如此”之意。such用作形容词修饰名词时,须放在名词前;so用作副词修饰形容词或副词时,须放在形容词或副词前;当名词被“多(many)多(much)少(few)少(little)”修饰时,其前仍用so。
2.already, still与yet表示“已经”
already表示某事已经发生,still表示某事仍在进行,主要用于肯定句,yet用于疑问句表示“已经”,用于否定句表示“还没有”、“尚未”等。
3. alone与lonely
alone 作形容词和副词用,意为“单独的/地、独自的/地”,重在表示单独无伴。而lonely作形容词用,意为“孤独的、寂寞的”,表示缺少朋友同情和友谊的一种悲伤、忧郁的感情,其作表语时指人所处的孤独状态,作定语时表示荒凉。
[典型试题6] Martha is a_____ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others. (2012年 河北)
A. shy B. friendly C. crazy D. healthy
【简析】考查形容词的词义辨析。shy意为“害羞的”,friendly意为“友好的”,crazy意为“疯狂的”,healthy意为“健康的”。根据下文“她一直微笑并对其他人打招呼”,可推测她是友好的,故答案选B。
五、考查程度副词的用法。
【知识百宝箱】
1. 考查much too和too much的区别。much too意为“很,非常”,常用于形容词或副词之前;too much意为“太,很”,常用来修饰不可数名词或位于不及物动词之后来修饰动词。试体会:
“Don’t eat too much meat any more, you’re much too fat,” the mother said to her son.
“不要再吃太多的肉了,你太胖了,”妈妈对她的儿子说道。
much可作形容词,修饰不可数名词;也可以作代词或副词。
2. how用作程度副词时意为“多么”,其后接形容词或副词,用来引导感叹句,构成“How 形容词/副词 主语 谓语 其他!”句型。 例如:
How beautifully she sings!她唱歌唱得多美啊!
what也可引导感叹句,其后接名词,构成“What a/an 形容词 可数名词单数 形式主语 谓语 其他!”或“What 形容词 可数名词复数/不可数名词 形式主语 谓语 其他!”句型。 例如:
What a kind girl Liu Mei is! 刘梅是位多么善良的女孩啊!
[典型试题7] I’m going to be late for work. There’re ___ buses on this route(线路). (2011年沈阳) A. too few B. too little C. too many D. too much
[简析] 根据前句“我上班将会迟到的”可知,这条路线的公交车很少,据此可以排除C、D两项; bus是可数名词,应用too many来修饰;又可以排除B项。
[典型试题8] — The advantages of the Chongqi Bridge have already been seen.
— good news to us! (2012年 南通)
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
[简析] 审题后可以发现空格处应该选用what来修饰不可数名词news,故A项正确。
六、疑问副词的用法
【知识百宝箱】
疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的,一般放在句首。疑问词的选择,要根据句子的意思来判断。常见的疑问副词when, where, why, how以及由how与其它形容词或副词构成的how old, how soon, how often, how far, how long, how tall, how many, how much等。
[典型试题9] — do you write a letter to your father?
— I seldom or never do that now. Instead, I call or email him almost every day. (2012年 南通)
A. How soon B. How long C. How much D. How often
【简析】解该题时,根据题干中的答语(I seldom or never do that now.)可以快速得到正确答案D项(对频率进行提问时,用how often)。
[典型试题10] —______ will the manager come back.
—Maybe in three days. (2012年 呼和浩特)
A. How often B. How long C. How soon D. How far
【简析】根据答语Maybe in three days,可以得出该题的正确答案应该是C项。
强化训练
I.单项选择,选择最佳答案。
1. —Have you got my e-mail today?
—Oh, there’s ______ with my computer. It doesn’t work.
A. something wrong B. wrong something C. anything wrong D. wrong anything
2. Mr. Black, _____ of the ______ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
3. —I wonder_______ I should water this kind of flower.
—Twice a week, I think.
A.how often B.how long C.how soon D.how much
4. “I was so tired that I could ______walk any farther,” the little girl said to her father.
A.nearly B.hardly C.really D.studeenly
5. —Can I help you, Sir?
—Well, I’m afraid the box is _______ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
6. ______ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
A. Brave enough stdents B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
7. I ________ ride a bike to school. But this morning I took a taxi because I got up late.
A. never B. sometimes C. seldom D. usually
8. — Health is money.
— But I think it is money.
A. as important as B. more important than C. so important than D. the same as
9. —Our teacher wants us to be_______when we talk with the foreigners.
—Yes,we should believe in ourselves. A.comfortable B.confident C.unusual D.energetic
10. —_____ kind girl Nancy is! —Yes, she is always ready to help others.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
II.用括号内所给的单词的适当形式填空。
1. Li Ming usually checks his test papers before handing them in. (careful)
2. While we were watching the play, I _____ noticed a man with a funny look. (sudden)
3. Our family has bought a car so we can travel ______ than before. (easy)
4. The __________ you climb, the more beautiful view you will see. (high)
5. I don’t like horror films. I usually feel ______ ill after I watch such a kind of film. (terrible)
6. How _________ he is singing! Perhaps he is ________ student in our class now. (happy)
7. It’s today. Let’s go to the park. (sun)
8.-Which one of those two houses would you buy?
-I would buy the _______ one because I have a big family. (large)
9. We should use plastic bags to help the environment. Let’s say goodbye to them. (few)
10. — What bad weather!
—Yes. The radio says it will be even _______ later on. (bad)
参考答案
强化训练
I.1—5 A A A B D 6—10 C D B B B
II.1.carefully 2. suddenly 3. more easily 4. higher 5. terribly 6. happily; the happiesst 7. sunny 8. larger 9. fewer 10. worse