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在市场经济运行中价格的波动是经济运行的晴雨表。然而,价格的波动是受市场诸因素的影响。其中供求关系的变动对它的影响极大,在一定条件下可以说它起着决定性的作用。一般地讲,供不应求价格上升,这就引发增加产量,产量增加到一定程度就会产生供过于求,供过于求引发价格下跌,这就迫使减少产量供求逐渐趋于平衡。这就是我们通常说的供求规律。但是供求关系和价格的变动中不同的商品有着不同的弹性。在短期内考察,供求关系的矛盾运动中,需求方面及其弹性对价格的影响似乎大一些,可是从长期内考察,供给方面的影响似乎大一些,而且情况比较复杂。本文仅从通过马歇尔需求弹性理论的介绍和分析,试谈需求弹性理论对市场经济改革的几点启示。
Price fluctuations in the operation of a market economy are barometers of economic performance. However, price fluctuations are influenced by various factors in the market. The changes in supply and demand have a great impact on it. Under certain conditions, it can play a decisive role. In general, rising prices in short supply led to increased output. When the output increased to a certain level, there would be an oversupply. The oversupply led to the drop in prices. This forced the demand and supply of reducing output to gradually balance. This is what we usually say about supply and demand. However, the different commodities in the relationship between supply and demand and changes in prices have different flexibility. In a short period of investigation and contradiction between supply and demand, the demand side and its flexibility seem to have a larger impact on prices. However, from a long-term perspective, the impact on supply appears to be larger and the situation is more complicated. This article only through the introduction and analysis of Marshall’s demand elasticity theory, to discuss the theory of demand elasticity on the market economy reform several enlightenments.