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用英国历史学家汤因比的“一体化文明”来观照发生于19世纪60年代至90年代的洋务运动,洋务运动失败的原因是洋务派只看到了西方先进的器物层面而很少有人看到西方发达的制度层面,只治其标,不治其本,本末倒置,只学习西方文明最外在、最肤浅的器物,而忽视了最重要的另外两个文明构成因子——制度和文化宗教信仰。
The reason for the failure of the Westernization Movement was that the Westernizationists saw only the advanced aspects of the Western artifacts and seldom used the “unified civilization” of the British historian Toynbee to observe the Westernization Movement that took place in the 1860s to the 1890s. Some people see that in the developed Western system, they only rule the mark and rule the way. They have to put the cart before the horse so as to learn only the outermost and the most superficial artifacts of Western civilization while neglecting the other two most important constituent elements of civilization - the system and culture Religious beliefs.