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由于保险公司的介入,传统侵权损害赔偿关系转变为三维的风险分散和损害转移关系。在大众市场勃兴的过程中,侵权责任日益扩张,侵权范围不断扩大。在责任保险长尾效应的作用下,权利救济请求频率、损害赔偿数额、侵权责任规则、侵权行为判断标准的不确定性使保险人在资本需求、成本消耗和保险定价等方面出现预测错误,进而导致责任保险市场在紧缩市场与疲软市场交替的承保周期中徘徊。由于侵权法不确定性的泛滥与保险人的预测失误,美国在20世纪80年代中期经历了一场影响巨大的责任保险危机。为了减少侵权责任体系中的不确定性,恢复责任保险市场的盈利,保险产业推动了以限制侵权责任、减少侵权赔偿数额为中心的侵权法改革。通过分析美国各州侵权立法改革措施,可以发现,侵权法改革有助于保险市场从责任保险危机中恢复并逐渐实现盈利,但保险市场的可持续发展并不能仅靠侵权法改革,还需保险公司在承保、经营和理赔等各个环节减少不确定性。
Due to the involvement of insurance companies, the traditional tort damages relationship into three-dimensional risk diversification and damage transfer relationship. In the process of the booming mass market, the responsibility for infringement is expanding day by day, and the scope of infringement is constantly expanding. Under the long-tail effect of liability insurance, the uncertainties such as the frequency of the right relief request, the amount of damages, the rules of tort liability and the judgment standards of tort make the insurer have errors in predicting capital requirements, cost and insurance pricing, etc. Leading to the liability insurance market hovering in the underwriting cycle of tight markets and weaker markets. Due to the proliferation of uncertainty in tort law and the insurer’s prediction errors, the United States experienced a huge crisis of liability insurance in the mid-1980s. In order to reduce the uncertainty in the Tort Liability System and restore the profitability of the liability insurance market, the insurance industry has promoted the Tort Law Reform that focuses on limiting the liability for infringement and reducing the amount of compensation for infringement. By analyzing the reform measures of infringement legislation in each state in the United States, it can be found that the reform of tort law will help the insurance market to recover from the liability insurance crisis and gradually realize profitability. However, the sustainable development of the insurance market can not be relied on tort law alone and requires insurance companies Reduce uncertainty in all aspects of underwriting, operations and claims.