论文部分内容阅读
动词不定式是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目，是非谓语动词的一种，动词不定式的小品词to的省略也是期中最重要的内容之一。作为一个外语学习者必须掌握它的用法。而这也是学习者容易忽略和疏忽的，笔者根据多年经验与总结，就此略作小结，以飨读者。
一，使役动词 let， make， have，及感官动词 see， watch， notice， observe， hear， feel等构成的复合结构中，作宾语补足语的动词不定式要省去to， 但当句子变为被动结构时，宾语补足语变成了主语补足语，则其前必须加上to。
eg： ？The police observed a man enter the bank.
He was observed to follow her closely.
I saw you put the key in your pocket.
He was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was ？ committed.（案发前后）
二，在listen to和 look at 后面的符合宾语中，不定式常不带to，
eg： She listened to the rain patter on the window-panes.
她倾听着雨水敲打着玻璃窗。
It is amusing to look at other people play chess.
看别人下棋很有意思。
三，在believe， consider， think， suppose， know， feel， find， understand， ？？？？？？？？？？？？？？ declare， take（当作，弄作，误以为I took the man with him to be his father），等词构成的符合宾语中，宾语补足语常由to be 加形容词构成，
eg： He doesn't consider that to be important.
I felt them to be right.
They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.
但在think， consider， find后，往往不用to be， 直接跟形容词：
They found her （to be） charming.（很招人喜欢）
Who do you consider （to be） responsible for the accident？
四，连词but （除……之外），前若有动词do 及其它do的形式（does， did， done， doing）时，其后的动词不定式不带to .反之，如果是其他动词，则要带to。
My grandfather could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.
I had no choice but to sign the contract（合同）.
但要注意句式：can not/ could not but 只有，“除……之外别无可能”，即“不得不”。
Eg， He can not but agree.
另外，can not help but do 也表示“不得不”。
I could not help but realize that something was wrong.
五，动词不定式作表语，一般情况下to 是不省略的，但主语部分如果含有do 及 do 的其他形式，作表语的动词不定式可带to，亦可省略 to.
What I only choose now is to work hard.
What I want to tell you is to listen to your teacher.
All we can do now is （to） wait.
All I could do was （to） go home.
六，在承接上文回答时，动词不定式常仅保留to， 但之后所接动词不定式为to be 或to have done 时，要保留为to be 或 to have.
Eg， would you like to go with us？
－I'd like to.
Do you want to be a scientist？
－Yes， I want to be.
He hasn't finished the task yet.
－Well， he ought to have.
七，并列的动词不定式可省去后面的不定式符号to ，但前后所连接的并列的动词不定式有对比意义时，则后面的不定式符号to不省略。
Eg， I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
She came to praise me， not to scold me.
He wants to smile， not to cry.
八， help 當“帮助”讲时，后面作宾语或宾语补足语的动词不定式符号to 可保留亦可省略。
I will help （to） do it for you tomorrow.
I will help you （to） do it right now.
九，另外，助动词、情态动词以及had better 等词之后亦可看作是省略掉to的动词不定式，特别是 had better .
You'd better try again another day.
You'd better not go there by bike.
但其变式It is better （for you） to do sth. 中的to 不可省略。
It is better for you to try again another day.
It is better for you to go there by bike.
总之，省略是英语中极为常见的语法现象，不定式to 的省略需要大家在对比中记忆，在对比中应用，只要会应用了，这便是我们的最终目的。
一，使役动词 let， make， have，及感官动词 see， watch， notice， observe， hear， feel等构成的复合结构中，作宾语补足语的动词不定式要省去to， 但当句子变为被动结构时，宾语补足语变成了主语补足语，则其前必须加上to。
eg： ？The police observed a man enter the bank.
He was observed to follow her closely.
I saw you put the key in your pocket.
He was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was ？ committed.（案发前后）
二，在listen to和 look at 后面的符合宾语中，不定式常不带to，
eg： She listened to the rain patter on the window-panes.
她倾听着雨水敲打着玻璃窗。
It is amusing to look at other people play chess.
看别人下棋很有意思。
三，在believe， consider， think， suppose， know， feel， find， understand， ？？？？？？？？？？？？？？ declare， take（当作，弄作，误以为I took the man with him to be his father），等词构成的符合宾语中，宾语补足语常由to be 加形容词构成，
eg： He doesn't consider that to be important.
I felt them to be right.
They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.
但在think， consider， find后，往往不用to be， 直接跟形容词：
They found her （to be） charming.（很招人喜欢）
Who do you consider （to be） responsible for the accident？
四，连词but （除……之外），前若有动词do 及其它do的形式（does， did， done， doing）时，其后的动词不定式不带to .反之，如果是其他动词，则要带to。
My grandfather could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.
I had no choice but to sign the contract（合同）.
但要注意句式：can not/ could not but 只有，“除……之外别无可能”，即“不得不”。
Eg， He can not but agree.
另外，can not help but do 也表示“不得不”。
I could not help but realize that something was wrong.
五，动词不定式作表语，一般情况下to 是不省略的，但主语部分如果含有do 及 do 的其他形式，作表语的动词不定式可带to，亦可省略 to.
What I only choose now is to work hard.
What I want to tell you is to listen to your teacher.
All we can do now is （to） wait.
All I could do was （to） go home.
六，在承接上文回答时，动词不定式常仅保留to， 但之后所接动词不定式为to be 或to have done 时，要保留为to be 或 to have.
Eg， would you like to go with us？
－I'd like to.
Do you want to be a scientist？
－Yes， I want to be.
He hasn't finished the task yet.
－Well， he ought to have.
七，并列的动词不定式可省去后面的不定式符号to ，但前后所连接的并列的动词不定式有对比意义时，则后面的不定式符号to不省略。
Eg， I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
She came to praise me， not to scold me.
He wants to smile， not to cry.
八， help 當“帮助”讲时，后面作宾语或宾语补足语的动词不定式符号to 可保留亦可省略。
I will help （to） do it for you tomorrow.
I will help you （to） do it right now.
九，另外，助动词、情态动词以及had better 等词之后亦可看作是省略掉to的动词不定式，特别是 had better .
You'd better try again another day.
You'd better not go there by bike.
但其变式It is better （for you） to do sth. 中的to 不可省略。
It is better for you to try again another day.
It is better for you to go there by bike.
总之，省略是英语中极为常见的语法现象，不定式to 的省略需要大家在对比中记忆，在对比中应用，只要会应用了，这便是我们的最终目的。