Background:Information about competition responses is mainly available for monospecific stands or mixed stands with a small number of species.Studies on complex multi-species and highly structured forest ecosystems are scarce.Accordingly,the objective of this study was to quantify competition effects and analyse competition responses in a species-diverse afrotemperate forest in South Africa,based on an observational study with mapped tree positions and long-term diameter increment records.Methods:The sensitivity to competition was analysed for individual species and involved the calculation of the slope of the linear relation between the value of a competition index(CI) and diameter growth as a measure of sensitivity.In a next step different competition indices were combined and tree diameters were grouped in three classes as surrogates for canopy status and ontogenetic stage.Results:Five competition indices were found to be effective in showing sensitivity to competition for a number of canopy and sub-canopy species.Significant linear regressions were fitted for 18 of a total of 25 species.Species reactions varied significantly in their sensitivity to the different CIs.The indices were classified as belonging to two groups,those that responded more to local crowding and those that are more sensitive to overtopping,which revealed species-specific sensitivities to both factors.The analysis based on diameter classes revealed that species clearly changed their sensitivity to crowding or overtopping depending on diameter.Canopy and sub-canopy species showed distinct differences in their reactions.Conclusions:The application of multiple CIs brought novel insights relating to the dynamics of afrotemperate forests.The response patterns to different competition indices that focus on crowding and overtopping are varied and tree diameter dependent,indicating that oversimplified assumptions are not warranted in the interpretation of CI- growth relations. Background: Information about competition responses is mainly available for monospecific stands or mixed stands with a small number of species. Studies on complex multi-species and highly structured forest ecosystems are scarce. Accordially, the objective of this study was to quantify competition effects and analyze competition responses in a species-diverse afrotemperate forest in South Africa, based on an observational study with mapped tree positions and long-term diameter increment records. Methods: The sensitivity to competition was analyzed for individual species and involved the calculation of the slope of the linear relation between the value of a competition index (CI) and diameter growth as a measure of sensitivity. a next step different competition indices were combined and tree diameters were grouped in three classes as surrogates for canopy status and ontogenetic stage. Results: Five competition indices were found to be effective in showing sensitivity to competition for a number of canopy and sub-canopy species .Significant linear regressions were fitted for 18 of a total of 25 species. Species reactions varied significantly in their sensitivity to the different CIs.The indices were classified as belonging to two groups, those that responded more to local crowding and those that are more sensitive to overtopping, which has species-specific sensitivities to both factors. The analysis based on diameter classes revealed that species clearly changed their sensitivity to crowding or overtopping depending on diameter. Canopy and sub-canopy species showed distinct differences in their reactions. Conclusions: The application of multiple CIs brought novel insights relating to the dynamics of afrotemperate forests. The response patterns to different competition indices that focus on crowding and overtopping are varied and tree diameter dependent, indicating that oversimplified assumptions are not warranted in the interpretation of CI- growth relations.