丹江口库区是南水北调中线工程的起点，又是我国环境脆弱贫困地带之一。本文考察了明清时期库区移民的过程，移民对经济开发的贡献，库区经济开发的层次和经济开发对环境的影响。指出移民的经济开发既有导致环境恶化的一面，又可优化环境。从而为库区移民和社会经济可持续性发展提供历史背景 Danjiangkou Reservoir Area is the starting point of the South-North Water Diversion Middle Route project and one of the impoverished areas in China. This paper examines the process of immigration in the reservoir area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contribution of immigrants to economic development, the level of economic development in the reservoir area and the impact of economic development on the environment. It points out that the economic development of immigrants not only leads to the deterioration of the environment but also optimizes the environment. Thus providing historical background for the resettlement of the reservoir area and the sustainable development of social economy