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【Abstract】Due to the difference of expressions and language structures between English and Chinese， when we translate English into Chinese， we should add some necessary words or delete some unnecessary words on the basis of the original meaning according to the need of the grammar. The object is to make the translation fluent， smooth， natural and be in line with the Chinese expressions. Therefore， the quality of the translation can be improved by using the strategies of amplification and omission while keeping faithful to the original texts. In order to acquire the professionalism and accuracy of the translation， the thesis elaborates these two strategies of the translation through analyzing a large number of E-C translation assignments.
【Key words】amplification; omission; E-C translation
【作者簡介】赵金华（1986-），女，云南大学滇池学院，研究方向：大学英语教学。
1. Introduction
As a matter of principle， a translator is not supposed to add or subtract any meaning from the original work. However， this does not mean that a translator should refrain from adding or omitting any words at all in translation. In fact， nothing shows greater difference in syntax between English and Chinese than the amplification and omission of words in the sentence.
Just as Tytler once said， “If it is necessary that a translator should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work， it becomes a question， whether it is allowable in any case to add to the ideas of the original what may appear to give greater force or illustration; or to take from them what may seem to weaken them from redundancy. To give a general answer to this question， I would say， that this liberty may be used， but with the greatest caution. It must be further observed， that the superadded idea shall have the most necessary connection with the original thought， and actually increase its force. And， on the other hand， that whenever an idea is cut off by the translator， it must be only such as is an accessory， and not a principal in the clause or sentence. It must likewise be confessedly redundant， so that its retrenchment shall not impair or weaken the original thought.” （Tytler， 1791： 22）
2. Amplification in E-C Translation
By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in the translation to make the version correct and clear， to make it appear more like the language translated into. Thus， words supplied must be indispensable syntactically， semantically or rhetorically. 2.1 Syntactic Necessity
Due to the structure disparities between English and Chinese， amplification is necessary for the sake of syntax.
2.1.1 Measure Words
Measure words are rarely used in English， esp. before the countable nouns. Thus， when an English text is translated into Chinese， some measure words must be added.
Example 1： Balancing Act uses ten social， environmental and financial indicators.
Translation：“平衡行为”使用了10项社会、环境及财务指标。
Example 2： Every president since Clinton has been trying to persuade China to float its currency.
Translation： 自克林顿以来的每届总统都一真在努力说服中国浮动其货币汇率。
Analysis： The words “项” and “届” underlined are added according to the nouns they modify.
2.1.2 Tense Markers
In English， tense is marked through conjugating the verbs， while in Chinese， tense is marked by some words like“了”，“会”，“曾经”， etc. Thus， adding some tense markers in E-C translation is necessary.
Example 1： Today the $3.5 billion energy-beverage market is 6 percent of the nonalcoholic beverage industry， which includes soft drinks. That’s up 75 percent since last year and is expected to top $10 billion by 2010—thanks to peppy consumer demand and profit margins that are three times that of soda.
Translation： 現在，价值35亿美元的能量饮料市场占到了非酒精饮料（含软性饮料）行业的6%。由于强劲的消费者需求以及三倍于碳酸饮料（汽水）的利润率，其市场份额自去年以来上升了75%，预计到2010年其市场价值将超过100亿美元。
Example 2： The bottom line is clear enough： once， not so long ago， we were working in another universe.
Translation： 事情的本质是非常清楚的：不久以前，我们曾经为攻克疾病而奋斗在另一个世界里。
Analysis： The tense markers “了” and “曾经” underlined are added to demonstrate the past tense in English.
2.1.3 Plural Meaning
In English， plural meaning is conveyed through the conjugation of nouns， while in Chinese， it is conveyed by some words like“许多”，“大批”，“们”， etc. Sometimes， it is even conveyed through adding some adverbs.
Example 1： Patients newly diagnosed throng into our clinics， many of them very young， and utterly underwhelmed by their infection.
Translation： 大批新诊断出来的患者拥进我们的诊所，其中很多人还很年轻，但他们对自己被感染一事漠然置之。
Example 2： But candidates always talk tough. Presidents opt for a gentle， nudging approach.
Translation： 然而，候选人们嘴上总是很强硬，总统们态度总是很委婉柔弱。
Example 3： With dictators ousted， many researchers remain optimistic that the Arab Spring’s new freedoms will lead to progress in science， education and democracy.
Translation： 随着独裁者被陆续赶下台，很多研究人员都乐观认为，阿拉伯之春所带来的新自由会促进科学、教育和民主的进步。 Analysis： In example 1 and 2， the words underlined“大批”and“们”are added to convey the plural meaning. In example 3， the adverb“陆续”is added to convey the plural meaning.
2.1.4 Conjunctions
In English， the logic between sentences is not necessarily conveyed by way of conjunctions. Sometimes， non-finite verb phrases or adjectives can be used to link the sentences. Therefore， when translating such sentences into Chinese， the translator should bear in mind that some Chinese conjunctions should be added to define the logic.
Example 1： Sites devoted to big-ticket purchases—particularly cars， real estate and travel—are feverishly refining features and marketing strategies in an effort to attract the growing number of consumers searching the Web for buying advice.
Translation： 由于越来越多的消费者在网络上寻求购物咨询，为吸引这些消费者，各种大额购买专门网站，特别是汽车，房地产和旅游网站都在玩命似地改进其特色及市场策略。
Example 2： And November saw the dramatic arrest and brief jailing of Judy Mikovits， prominent for her work （now partially retracted） linking chronic fatigue syndrome to a virus.
Translation： 十一月，朱迪·米柯维茨被戏剧性地逮捕并被短暂监禁，她之所以声名远扬是因为其将慢性疲劳综合症与某种病毒联系在一起的研究工作（现在已被部分撤销）。
Analysis： In example 1， “to verb base” infinitive phrase is applied to express a kind of purpose or reason. Thus， the cause-and-effect conjunction “由于” is added in the Chinese version. In example 2， the adjective phrase “prominent for” is applied to express a reason. Thus， the cause-and-effect conjunction phrase“之所以……是因為……” is added in the Chinese version.
2.1.5 Verbs
Noun and noun phrases are more frequently used in English than in Chinese. Some noun or noun phrases convey an action. Thus， when translating such noun and noun phrases into Chinese， the translator should add some verbs.
Example 1： There， almost 200 feet below what was once a forest， giant machines cleave the earth into a cratered moonscape.
Translation： 那里曾经覆盖着森林，但现在，几乎两百英尺以下的地方都被大型机器挖得坑坑洼洼，看起来就像月球表面一样。
Example 2： From her home on the bluff of the river， she can see billowing steam rising from a vast strip mine 10 miles away.
Translation： 从她位于河岸悬崖上的家望去，可以看到滚滚浓雾从十英里之外一个巨大的露天矿井上升起。
Analysis： In example 1 and 2， the verbs “覆盖着” and “望去” are added to convey the action of the doers.
2.2 Semantic Necessity
Sometimes， the translator has to add some category words like “情况”，“原因”，“现象”， etc. to define the nouns and to complete the semantic meaning.
Example 1： “Google and Yahoo are getting better at these markets， so they’re a competitor too， but there’s a level of depth to these categories that lends itself to even more of a vertical approach，” Mr. Brisco said， using industry vernacular for content devoted to a particular category. Translation：“谷歌（Google）和雅虎（Yahoo）在这些市场做得越来越好，所以它们也是竞争对手，但这些类别市场具有深度层次性，更适于做纵深广告。” 说这番话时布里斯科用了行业术语，指的是某个类别的专门内容。
Example 2： Some argue that this is because of millenniums-old Confucian frugality. Others say it’s more prosaic.
Translation： 有人认为，这是由于上千年的儒家节俭传统造成的;其他人则认为，造成这一情况的是更实际的原因。
Example 3： Elated scientists joined jubilant revellers throughout Egypt on 11 February， when Hosni Mubarak resigned after 30 years as the nation’s president.
Translation：二月十一日，在做了30年的埃及总统后，胡斯尼·穆巴拉克辞职了。兴高采烈的科学家们与埃及全国的狂欢者们一起欢呼庆祝。
Analysis： In example 1， the word“性” is added to define the noun “depth”; In example 2， “的原因” is added to complete the semantic meaning of the word “prosaic”; In example 3，“欢呼庆祝” is added to describe the action of “elated scientists” and “jubilant revellers”， and it is also for the sake of complete semantic meaning.
2.3 Rhetoric Necessity
In Chinese， some descriptive or auxiliary words are frequently seen in the text for the purpose of language vigorousness. For example， “闪闪发光的”、“淅沥沥的”，“滚烫滚烫的”，etc.
Example 1： From her home on the bluff of the river， she can see billowing steam rising from a vast strip mine 10 miles away.
Translation： 从她位于河岸悬崖上的家望去，可以看到滚滚浓雾从十英里之外一个巨大的露天矿井上升起。
Example 2： Immense shovels plunge into the ground， wresting out massive chunks.
Translation：巨大的铁铲插进地里，铲起大块大块的泥土。
Analysis： A billow of smoke or dust is a large mass of it rising slowly into the air. In example 1， besides“浓”and“升起”which have conveyed the meaning of “billowing”， the translator adds the descriptive word “滚滚” to make the scene more vivid. In example 2， massive means“巨大的”; however， the translator uses the repeated“大塊的” to make the description more vigorous.
3. Omission in E-C Translation
By omission we mean we properly omit some words or expressions in order to make the translated version brief， concise， clear. Proper omission in translation often involves the omitting of some words that are indispensible in the source text but not in the target text. In the book The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish， the author points out that “Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words， a paragraph no unnecessary sentences， for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. It follows that any words which perform no useful function in the sentence—that is， which add nothing to the meaning—should be edited out.” （2000： 1） 3.1 Pronouns
Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in Chinese. Therefore， when translated into Chinese， many English pronouns may be omitted so as to conform the rendering to the accustomed usage of Chinese expression.
Example： Other consumption dollars are less positive through their high use of water or production of greenhouse gas emissions.
Translation： 由于涉及高用水量或产生温室气体排放，其他消费元的影响则不那么积极。
Analysis： In the example above， the pronoun “their” is used to refer to “other consumption dollars”. If omission is not applied here， the translation would be redundant.
3.2 Articles
An article is the hallmark of an English noun. When translated into Chinese， it is usually omitted except when an indefinite article is intended to indicate the numeral “one”， or “a certain”.
Example： And November brought a shock when the first company to test a human ES-cell product in patients—Geron of Menlo Park， California—bailed out of the field.
Translation： 十一月，第一家對人体胚胎干细胞专利产品进行测试的公司—位于位于加州门罗帕克的基荣公司（Geron）——退出了该领域，这让人们震惊不已。
Analysis： “brought a shock” in the example above is translated into“让人们震惊不已”; not only is the article “a” omitted， but also the action receive “人们” is added.
3.3 Prepositions
Chinese is characterized by its succinctness and the preposition appears less frequently in Chinese than in English， and therefore omission of a preposition is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.
Example 1： Nobody can fish or drink from it.
Translation： 捕不到鱼，水也不能喝。
Example 2： It tumbles through cool evergreen forests， wends through Alberta and finally joins the Peace River near Saskatchewan to form a teeming delta that is a major North American intersection for migrating birds.
Translation：（阿萨巴斯卡河）从寒冷的常绿林带中奔腾而过，流经阿尔伯达省，最后在萨斯喀彻温省与皮斯河相汇，形成了物产丰富的三角洲，也是北美主要的候鸟聚集地。
Analysis： In example 1 and 2， the prepositions “from” and “for” are omitted， for their meaning has been implied in the context. If omission is not applied here， the translation would not conform to the Chinese habits.
3.4 Conjunctions
Many conjunctions are indispensable in English rather than in Chinese. Therefore， omission of the conjunction is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.
Example： “I don’t think there is a silver bullet that is the single answer，” said Greg Stringham， vice president of the Calgary-based Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers.” But there are five or six technologies that are promising.” Translation：“我认为，解决问题没有唯一的一种快捷方法，”总部设在卡尔加里的加拿大石油生产商协会的副主席格雷格·斯特林汉说。“我们有五、六种很有希望的技术。”
Analysis： The conjunction “But” here links the two comments Greg Stringham made， so it is indispensible. However， in the Chinese version， since the transition tone of the sentence has been conveyed， this conjunction can be omitted.
3.5 Verbs
As Chinese is a language of parataxis，its grammar is not so strict as that of English， and predicate verbs in Chinese may sometimes also be omitted.
Example： The leftover emerges as a black， foul liquid collected in tailing ponds.
Translation： 剩下的黑色污水都收集在尾矿池里。
Analysis： In the example， “emerges” is more like a link verb. When translated into Chinese， such verbs can be omitted. Just as in the Chinese version， the translator only translates “collected”.
4. Conclusion
Amplification and omission are often used for multiple purposes—to fit into culture and language habits of the target language， to meet the reader’s expectation， or to satisfy international communication. It is hoped that translators may regard Skopostheorie as their guideline while applying amplification or omission to acquiring adequacy in translation.
According to the examples and analyses demonstrated above， some principles of amplification and omission can be summarized. Firstly， amplification and omission should be aimed at smoothness and conciseness or succinctness. Secondly， amplification and omission do not go against faithfulness. They do not mean adding or subtracting meanings from the original work. More importantly， what is added or omitted may not be necessarily confined to certain parts of the texts. Any parts of the texts may be liable to be omitted depending upon the context and the translator’s translation techniques.
References：
[1]Joan Pinkham. 中式英語之鉴[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社， 2012.
[2]钱歌川.翻译的基础知识[M].长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1981.
【Key words】amplification; omission; E-C translation
【作者簡介】赵金华（1986-），女，云南大学滇池学院，研究方向：大学英语教学。
1. Introduction
As a matter of principle， a translator is not supposed to add or subtract any meaning from the original work. However， this does not mean that a translator should refrain from adding or omitting any words at all in translation. In fact， nothing shows greater difference in syntax between English and Chinese than the amplification and omission of words in the sentence.
Just as Tytler once said， “If it is necessary that a translator should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work， it becomes a question， whether it is allowable in any case to add to the ideas of the original what may appear to give greater force or illustration; or to take from them what may seem to weaken them from redundancy. To give a general answer to this question， I would say， that this liberty may be used， but with the greatest caution. It must be further observed， that the superadded idea shall have the most necessary connection with the original thought， and actually increase its force. And， on the other hand， that whenever an idea is cut off by the translator， it must be only such as is an accessory， and not a principal in the clause or sentence. It must likewise be confessedly redundant， so that its retrenchment shall not impair or weaken the original thought.” （Tytler， 1791： 22）
2. Amplification in E-C Translation
By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in the translation to make the version correct and clear， to make it appear more like the language translated into. Thus， words supplied must be indispensable syntactically， semantically or rhetorically. 2.1 Syntactic Necessity
Due to the structure disparities between English and Chinese， amplification is necessary for the sake of syntax.
2.1.1 Measure Words
Measure words are rarely used in English， esp. before the countable nouns. Thus， when an English text is translated into Chinese， some measure words must be added.
Example 1： Balancing Act uses ten social， environmental and financial indicators.
Translation：“平衡行为”使用了10项社会、环境及财务指标。
Example 2： Every president since Clinton has been trying to persuade China to float its currency.
Translation： 自克林顿以来的每届总统都一真在努力说服中国浮动其货币汇率。
Analysis： The words “项” and “届” underlined are added according to the nouns they modify.
2.1.2 Tense Markers
In English， tense is marked through conjugating the verbs， while in Chinese， tense is marked by some words like“了”，“会”，“曾经”， etc. Thus， adding some tense markers in E-C translation is necessary.
Example 1： Today the $3.5 billion energy-beverage market is 6 percent of the nonalcoholic beverage industry， which includes soft drinks. That’s up 75 percent since last year and is expected to top $10 billion by 2010—thanks to peppy consumer demand and profit margins that are three times that of soda.
Translation： 現在，价值35亿美元的能量饮料市场占到了非酒精饮料（含软性饮料）行业的6%。由于强劲的消费者需求以及三倍于碳酸饮料（汽水）的利润率，其市场份额自去年以来上升了75%，预计到2010年其市场价值将超过100亿美元。
Example 2： The bottom line is clear enough： once， not so long ago， we were working in another universe.
Translation： 事情的本质是非常清楚的：不久以前，我们曾经为攻克疾病而奋斗在另一个世界里。
Analysis： The tense markers “了” and “曾经” underlined are added to demonstrate the past tense in English.
2.1.3 Plural Meaning
In English， plural meaning is conveyed through the conjugation of nouns， while in Chinese， it is conveyed by some words like“许多”，“大批”，“们”， etc. Sometimes， it is even conveyed through adding some adverbs.
Example 1： Patients newly diagnosed throng into our clinics， many of them very young， and utterly underwhelmed by their infection.
Translation： 大批新诊断出来的患者拥进我们的诊所，其中很多人还很年轻，但他们对自己被感染一事漠然置之。
Example 2： But candidates always talk tough. Presidents opt for a gentle， nudging approach.
Translation： 然而，候选人们嘴上总是很强硬，总统们态度总是很委婉柔弱。
Example 3： With dictators ousted， many researchers remain optimistic that the Arab Spring’s new freedoms will lead to progress in science， education and democracy.
Translation： 随着独裁者被陆续赶下台，很多研究人员都乐观认为，阿拉伯之春所带来的新自由会促进科学、教育和民主的进步。 Analysis： In example 1 and 2， the words underlined“大批”and“们”are added to convey the plural meaning. In example 3， the adverb“陆续”is added to convey the plural meaning.
2.1.4 Conjunctions
In English， the logic between sentences is not necessarily conveyed by way of conjunctions. Sometimes， non-finite verb phrases or adjectives can be used to link the sentences. Therefore， when translating such sentences into Chinese， the translator should bear in mind that some Chinese conjunctions should be added to define the logic.
Example 1： Sites devoted to big-ticket purchases—particularly cars， real estate and travel—are feverishly refining features and marketing strategies in an effort to attract the growing number of consumers searching the Web for buying advice.
Translation： 由于越来越多的消费者在网络上寻求购物咨询，为吸引这些消费者，各种大额购买专门网站，特别是汽车，房地产和旅游网站都在玩命似地改进其特色及市场策略。
Example 2： And November saw the dramatic arrest and brief jailing of Judy Mikovits， prominent for her work （now partially retracted） linking chronic fatigue syndrome to a virus.
Translation： 十一月，朱迪·米柯维茨被戏剧性地逮捕并被短暂监禁，她之所以声名远扬是因为其将慢性疲劳综合症与某种病毒联系在一起的研究工作（现在已被部分撤销）。
Analysis： In example 1， “to verb base” infinitive phrase is applied to express a kind of purpose or reason. Thus， the cause-and-effect conjunction “由于” is added in the Chinese version. In example 2， the adjective phrase “prominent for” is applied to express a reason. Thus， the cause-and-effect conjunction phrase“之所以……是因為……” is added in the Chinese version.
2.1.5 Verbs
Noun and noun phrases are more frequently used in English than in Chinese. Some noun or noun phrases convey an action. Thus， when translating such noun and noun phrases into Chinese， the translator should add some verbs.
Example 1： There， almost 200 feet below what was once a forest， giant machines cleave the earth into a cratered moonscape.
Translation： 那里曾经覆盖着森林，但现在，几乎两百英尺以下的地方都被大型机器挖得坑坑洼洼，看起来就像月球表面一样。
Example 2： From her home on the bluff of the river， she can see billowing steam rising from a vast strip mine 10 miles away.
Translation： 从她位于河岸悬崖上的家望去，可以看到滚滚浓雾从十英里之外一个巨大的露天矿井上升起。
Analysis： In example 1 and 2， the verbs “覆盖着” and “望去” are added to convey the action of the doers.
2.2 Semantic Necessity
Sometimes， the translator has to add some category words like “情况”，“原因”，“现象”， etc. to define the nouns and to complete the semantic meaning.
Example 1： “Google and Yahoo are getting better at these markets， so they’re a competitor too， but there’s a level of depth to these categories that lends itself to even more of a vertical approach，” Mr. Brisco said， using industry vernacular for content devoted to a particular category. Translation：“谷歌（Google）和雅虎（Yahoo）在这些市场做得越来越好，所以它们也是竞争对手，但这些类别市场具有深度层次性，更适于做纵深广告。” 说这番话时布里斯科用了行业术语，指的是某个类别的专门内容。
Example 2： Some argue that this is because of millenniums-old Confucian frugality. Others say it’s more prosaic.
Translation： 有人认为，这是由于上千年的儒家节俭传统造成的;其他人则认为，造成这一情况的是更实际的原因。
Example 3： Elated scientists joined jubilant revellers throughout Egypt on 11 February， when Hosni Mubarak resigned after 30 years as the nation’s president.
Translation：二月十一日，在做了30年的埃及总统后，胡斯尼·穆巴拉克辞职了。兴高采烈的科学家们与埃及全国的狂欢者们一起欢呼庆祝。
Analysis： In example 1， the word“性” is added to define the noun “depth”; In example 2， “的原因” is added to complete the semantic meaning of the word “prosaic”; In example 3，“欢呼庆祝” is added to describe the action of “elated scientists” and “jubilant revellers”， and it is also for the sake of complete semantic meaning.
2.3 Rhetoric Necessity
In Chinese， some descriptive or auxiliary words are frequently seen in the text for the purpose of language vigorousness. For example， “闪闪发光的”、“淅沥沥的”，“滚烫滚烫的”，etc.
Example 1： From her home on the bluff of the river， she can see billowing steam rising from a vast strip mine 10 miles away.
Translation： 从她位于河岸悬崖上的家望去，可以看到滚滚浓雾从十英里之外一个巨大的露天矿井上升起。
Example 2： Immense shovels plunge into the ground， wresting out massive chunks.
Translation：巨大的铁铲插进地里，铲起大块大块的泥土。
Analysis： A billow of smoke or dust is a large mass of it rising slowly into the air. In example 1， besides“浓”and“升起”which have conveyed the meaning of “billowing”， the translator adds the descriptive word “滚滚” to make the scene more vivid. In example 2， massive means“巨大的”; however， the translator uses the repeated“大塊的” to make the description more vigorous.
3. Omission in E-C Translation
By omission we mean we properly omit some words or expressions in order to make the translated version brief， concise， clear. Proper omission in translation often involves the omitting of some words that are indispensible in the source text but not in the target text. In the book The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish， the author points out that “Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words， a paragraph no unnecessary sentences， for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. It follows that any words which perform no useful function in the sentence—that is， which add nothing to the meaning—should be edited out.” （2000： 1） 3.1 Pronouns
Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in Chinese. Therefore， when translated into Chinese， many English pronouns may be omitted so as to conform the rendering to the accustomed usage of Chinese expression.
Example： Other consumption dollars are less positive through their high use of water or production of greenhouse gas emissions.
Translation： 由于涉及高用水量或产生温室气体排放，其他消费元的影响则不那么积极。
Analysis： In the example above， the pronoun “their” is used to refer to “other consumption dollars”. If omission is not applied here， the translation would be redundant.
3.2 Articles
An article is the hallmark of an English noun. When translated into Chinese， it is usually omitted except when an indefinite article is intended to indicate the numeral “one”， or “a certain”.
Example： And November brought a shock when the first company to test a human ES-cell product in patients—Geron of Menlo Park， California—bailed out of the field.
Translation： 十一月，第一家對人体胚胎干细胞专利产品进行测试的公司—位于位于加州门罗帕克的基荣公司（Geron）——退出了该领域，这让人们震惊不已。
Analysis： “brought a shock” in the example above is translated into“让人们震惊不已”; not only is the article “a” omitted， but also the action receive “人们” is added.
3.3 Prepositions
Chinese is characterized by its succinctness and the preposition appears less frequently in Chinese than in English， and therefore omission of a preposition is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.
Example 1： Nobody can fish or drink from it.
Translation： 捕不到鱼，水也不能喝。
Example 2： It tumbles through cool evergreen forests， wends through Alberta and finally joins the Peace River near Saskatchewan to form a teeming delta that is a major North American intersection for migrating birds.
Translation：（阿萨巴斯卡河）从寒冷的常绿林带中奔腾而过，流经阿尔伯达省，最后在萨斯喀彻温省与皮斯河相汇，形成了物产丰富的三角洲，也是北美主要的候鸟聚集地。
Analysis： In example 1 and 2， the prepositions “from” and “for” are omitted， for their meaning has been implied in the context. If omission is not applied here， the translation would not conform to the Chinese habits.
3.4 Conjunctions
Many conjunctions are indispensable in English rather than in Chinese. Therefore， omission of the conjunction is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.
Example： “I don’t think there is a silver bullet that is the single answer，” said Greg Stringham， vice president of the Calgary-based Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers.” But there are five or six technologies that are promising.” Translation：“我认为，解决问题没有唯一的一种快捷方法，”总部设在卡尔加里的加拿大石油生产商协会的副主席格雷格·斯特林汉说。“我们有五、六种很有希望的技术。”
Analysis： The conjunction “But” here links the two comments Greg Stringham made， so it is indispensible. However， in the Chinese version， since the transition tone of the sentence has been conveyed， this conjunction can be omitted.
3.5 Verbs
As Chinese is a language of parataxis，its grammar is not so strict as that of English， and predicate verbs in Chinese may sometimes also be omitted.
Example： The leftover emerges as a black， foul liquid collected in tailing ponds.
Translation： 剩下的黑色污水都收集在尾矿池里。
Analysis： In the example， “emerges” is more like a link verb. When translated into Chinese， such verbs can be omitted. Just as in the Chinese version， the translator only translates “collected”.
4. Conclusion
Amplification and omission are often used for multiple purposes—to fit into culture and language habits of the target language， to meet the reader’s expectation， or to satisfy international communication. It is hoped that translators may regard Skopostheorie as their guideline while applying amplification or omission to acquiring adequacy in translation.
According to the examples and analyses demonstrated above， some principles of amplification and omission can be summarized. Firstly， amplification and omission should be aimed at smoothness and conciseness or succinctness. Secondly， amplification and omission do not go against faithfulness. They do not mean adding or subtracting meanings from the original work. More importantly， what is added or omitted may not be necessarily confined to certain parts of the texts. Any parts of the texts may be liable to be omitted depending upon the context and the translator’s translation techniques.
References：
[1]Joan Pinkham. 中式英語之鉴[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社， 2012.
[2]钱歌川.翻译的基础知识[M].长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1981.