宏观经济学中的经济增长,有所谓四大要素。自然资源。这是经济增长的最原始要素。最近三十多年,中国的土地等自然资源,已经被利用到极致,一个明显标志,就是污染,比如北方地区的严重雾霾,以及新闻中国六分之一的耕地重金属污染,这其实是警告,消耗自然资源支撑经济增长,不太现实。物质资本。刚刚改革的时候,中国最稀缺的就是资本,后来通过开放引进和自我积累,资本的瓶颈已经突破,但资本的效率不高而且有所有 Economic growth in macroeconomics, the so-called four elements. Natural resources. This is the most primitive element of economic growth. In the recent three decades, China’s natural resources such as land have been used to its fullest extent. One obvious sign is that pollution, such as the severe haze in the north, and the heavy metal pollution of cultivated land in China by a factor of one in six, is in fact a warning It is unrealistic to consume natural resources to support economic growth. Material capital. At the time of the reform, the most scarce thing in China was capital. Later, through the process of opening-up and self-accumulation, the capital bottleneck had been exceeded, but the efficiency of capital was not high and there were all