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在中国历史上,伴随着皇室易姓、朝代更迭所显现的治乱兴衰特征,似乎亦与人口的流亡与归复、土地的抛荒与垦辟相吻合。在这个意义上,历代的土地开垦也就与社会经济的恢复与发展系结在了一起。换句话说,透过土地开垦的表征,不仅可以窥察统治阶级的有关政策、国家的财政收入以及土地所有权的重新分配与劳动力的调动等问题,而且可以体味农业经济乃至社会经济在跌落之后艰难复苏的意蕴。新近出版的彭雨新先生的力著《清代土地开垦史》(农业出版社1990年出版,以下称《开垦史》),在这方面,具有开创之功。本文试图从以下几个方面加以述评,若有不妥,望读者教正。
In Chinese history, along with the characteristics of the rise and fall of the chaos shown by the change of royal surnames and dynasties, it seems that they are also in line with the exodus of population and restoration of land and the abandonment of land. In this sense, the reclamation of land from all previous generations is tied to the recovery and development of social economy. In other words, not only the relevant policies of the ruling class, the state’s revenue, the redistribution of land ownership and the transfer of labor force can be seen through the characterization of land reclamation, but also the problems of agricultural economy and even socio-economic decline after the fall The implications of recovery. The newly published Mr. Peng Yuxin’s “History of Land Reclamation in Qing Dynasty” (Agricultural Press, 1990, hereinafter referred to as “Reclamation History”) has a pioneering spirit in this respect. This article attempts to comment from the following aspects, if wrong, hope readers to correct.