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自从16世纪中期以来,广东和澳门在中国商品发往亚欧贸易网络以及亚欧商品发往中国的供应链中扮演了关键的角色。澳门是亚洲区域内贸易及欧洲海运贸易的主要港口,其中包括奢侈品及装饰品、用具的贸易。直至1683年广州对外贸易开放之时,澳门是唯一一个获得批准进行欧洲贸易的港口。广州的欧洲定居者推动了中国模式在欧洲的传播。本文反映了从16世纪到18世纪葡萄牙及欧洲的中国商品贸易如何影响欧洲贵族阶层的日常生活和思想。这种影响是多方面的,涵盖了各个文化领域,尤其是从巴洛克风格到洛可可风格、从绘画到建筑、从家具到园艺等领域。这种影响被认为是中国艺术风格带来的。本文将分析这种主题,试图弄清楚中国风在欧洲的传播始于何时、如何进行以及由什么动因造成。在服饰(如丝绸)、室内装饰(瓷器、家具、绘画)或者公共空间(尤其是东方特有的建筑形式以及园林设计)等方面,皆可发现外来的亚洲影响。本文研究的发展将引领我们提出对传统的中国艺术风格时代划分加以修正,目的在于将葡萄牙与东方、中国的相互影响的初始时期(即15世纪末、16世纪初)作为近代中国文化向欧洲、美洲传播的第一个时期而整合进来。在本文的最后部分,可以看到葡萄牙与中国的接触时期应划分为不同阶段:以达迦马1498年到达印度的首航为标志,是为第一阶段;以1513年葡萄牙人到达中国并在1557年定居澳门为强化时期,是为第二阶段。
Since the mid-16th century, Guangdong and Macao have played key roles in the supply chain of Chinese goods to Asia and Europe and in the supply chains of Asian and European goods to China. Macau is the main port for intra-Asia trade and European seaborne trade, including the trading of luxury goods and accessories and appliances. Until the liberalization of Guangzhou’s foreign trade in 1683, Macao was the only port approved for European trade. European settlers in Guangzhou promoted the spread of the Chinese model in Europe. This article reflects how the Chinese merchandise trade in Portugal and Europe from the 16th to the 18th century influenced the everyday lives and ideas of the European aristocracy. The impact is multifaceted and covers a wide range of cultural fields, especially from Baroque to Rococo, from painting to architecture, from furniture to gardening. This influence is thought to have been brought about by Chinese art. This article examines this theme, trying to figure out when, how and why Chinese winds spread in Europe. Exotic Asian influences can be found in costumes (such as silk), interior decoration (porcelain, furniture, paintings) or public spaces (especially oriental architectural forms and landscape designs). The development of this paper will lead us to propose to amend the division of the traditional Chinese artistic style with the aim of connecting the initial period of mutual influence between Portugal and the East and the Chinese (the late 15th and early 16th century) as the modern Chinese culture to Europe and the Americas Integration of the first period of communication. In the last part of this paper, we can see that the contact period between Portugal and China should be divided into different stages: marking the first maiden flight of Dajama to India in 1498 is the first phase; in 1513 the Portuguese arrived in China and was at In 1557 to settle in Macao to strengthen the period, is the second phase.