中国封建政权长期倡导的儒家“敬天保民”的治国路线终于与明朝专制君权的极端发展形成了对立。坚信儒家“内圣外王”治国路线的士大夫 ,面对专制暴政 ,仍将希望寄托于“致君尧舜”的努力。始则以经筵日讲 ,企图教育帝王修德勤政 ;再则苦口婆心谏奏劝喻 ,甚至联名抗章、集体请愿 ;三则以天变、灾变、惯例、祖制施加压力。然而这一切不仅难见成效 ,士大夫们往往因此而被贬官、放逐 ,甚至横遭杀身之祸。当忠诚与信念屡遭挫败后 ,明代士大夫逐渐走向了对专制皇权的批判和唾弃 The long-standing advocacy of the Confucian “Respect God and Protecting the People” by the Chinese feudal regime has finally contrasted with the extreme development of the monarchy in the Ming Dynasty. We firmly believe that in the face of autocratic tyranny, the scholar-officials who govern the route of governing the country by the Confucian “inner and outer king” will still pin their hopes on the efforts of “Zhijun, Yao and Shun”. At the beginning of the feast, it was attempted to educate the emperor to practice diligence and rule; then he persuaded his cadres to persuade people to persuade him to act even with joint anti-chapter and collective petitions; and the other three put pressure on them with changes of weather, catastrophes, practices and ancestral system. However, all this is not only difficult to achieve results, scholars and scholars are often demoted officials, banished, and even suffered the curse of death. When loyalty and faith were repeatedly defeated, the literati gradually came to criticize and cast aside the tyranny of autocracy